Center for Quantum Devices - Most Downloaded Journal Articles

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14.	Molecular beam epitaxial growth of InSb p-i-n photodetectors on GaAs and Si E. Michel, R. Peters, S. Slivken, C. Jelen, P. Bove, J. Xu, I. Ferguson, and M. Razeghi Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit Materials, Physics and Devices, SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA; Proceedings, Vol. 2397-- February 6, 1995 ...[Visit Journal] High quality InSb has been grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy and optimized using Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction. A 4.8 micrometers InSb layer grown on GaAs at a growth temperature of 395 degree(s)C and a III/V incorporation ratio of 1:1.2 had an X-ray rocking curve FWHM of 158 arcsec and a Hall mobility of 92300 cm2V-1s-1 at 77 K, the best reported to date for InSb nucleated directly onto GaAs. InSb p-i-n structures of 5.8 micrometers grown under the same conditions demonstrated a X-ray Full Width at Half Maximum of 101 arcsec and 131 arcsec for GaAs and Si substrates, respectively, and exhibited excellent uniformity of +/- 3 arcsec over a 3' substrate. Prototype InSb p-i-n detectors on Si have been fabricated and have demonstrated photovoltaic response at 6.5 micrometers up to 200 K. These p-i-n detectors have also exhibited the highest D* for a device grown onto Si. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Highly Conductive Co-Doped Ga2O3Si-In Grown by MOCVD Junhee Lee, Honghyuk Kim, Lakshay Gautam and Manijeh Razeghi Coatings 2021, 11(3), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030287 ...[Visit Journal] We report a highly conductive gallium oxide doped with both silicon and indium grown on c-plane sapphire substrate by MOCVD. From a superlattice structure of indium oxide and gallium oxide doped with silicon, we obtained a highly conductive material with an electron hall mobility up to 150 cm2/V·s with the carrier concentration near 2 × 1017 cm−3. However, if not doped with silicon, both Ga2O3:In and Ga2O3 are highly resistive. Optical and structural characterization techniques such as X-ray, transmission electron microscope, and photoluminescence, reveal no significant incorporation of indium into the superlattice materials, which suggests the indium plays a role of a surfactant passivating electron trapping defect levels. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Background limited long wavelength infrared type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes operating at 110 K B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, E.K. Huang, P.Y. Delaunay, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, No. 12, p. 123502-1-- September 22, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] The utilization of the P+-pi-M-N+ photodiode architecture in conjunction with a thick active region can significantly improve long wavelength infrared Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes. By studying the effect of the depletion region placement on the quantum efficiency in a thick structure, we achieved a topside illuminated quantum efficiency of 50% for an N-on-P diode at 8.0 µm at 77 K. Both the double heterostructure design and the application of polyimide passivation greatly reduce the surface leakage, giving an R₀A of 416 Ω·cm² for a 1% cutoff wavelength of 10.52 µm, a Shot–Johnson detectivity of 8.1×10¹¹ cm·Hz^½/W at 77 K, and a background limited operating temperature of 110 K with 300 K background. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Uncooled operation of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes in the mid- wavelength infrared range Y. Wei, A. Hood, H. Yau, A. Gin, M. Razeghi, M.Z. Tidrow, V. Natha Applied Physics Letters, 86 (23)-- June 6, 2005 ...[Visit Journal] We report high performance uncooled midwavelength infrared photodiodes based on interface-engineered InAs/GaSb superlattice. Two distinct superlattices were designed with a cutoff wavelength around 5 µm for room temperature and 77 K. The device quantum efficiency reached more than 25% with responsivity around 1 A/W. Detectivity was measured around 10⁹ cm·Hz^½/W at room temperature and 1.5×10¹³ cm·Hz^½/W at 77 K under zero bias. The devices were without antireflective coating. The device quantum efficiency stays at nearly the same level within this temperature range. Additionally, Wannier–Stark oscillations in the Zener tunneling current were observed up to room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Combined resonant tunneling and rate equation modeling of terahertz quantum cascade lasers Zhichao Chen , Andong Liu, Dong Chang , Sukhdeep Dhillon , Manijeh Razeghi , Feihu Wang Journal of Applied Physics, 135, 115703 ...[Visit Journal] Terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are technologically important laser sources for the THz range but are complex to model. An efficient extended rate equation model is developed here by incorporating the resonant tunneling mechanism from the density matrix formalism, which permits to simulate THz QCLs with thick carrier injection barriers within the semi-classical formalism. A self-consistent solution is obtained by iteratively solving the Schrödinger-Poisson equation with this transport model. Carrier-light coupling is also included to simulate the current behavior arising from stimulated emission. As a quasi-ab initio model, intermediate parameters such as pure dephasing time and optical linewidth are dynamically calculated in the convergence process, and the only fitting parameters are the interface roughness correlation length and height. Good agreement has been achieved by comparing the simulation results of various designs with experiments, and other models such as density matrix Monte Carlo and non-equilibrium Green’s function method that, unlike here, require important computational resources. The accuracy, compatibility, and computational efficiency of our model enables many application scenarios, such as design optimization and quantitative insights into THz QCLs. Finally, the source code of the model is also provided in the supplementary material of this article for readers to repeat the results presented here, investigate and optimize new designs. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Growth of Deep UV Light Emitting Diodes by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition A. Yasan, R. McClintock, K. Mayes, D. Shiell, S. Darvish, P. Kung and M. Razeghi SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5359, pp. 400-- January 25, 2004 ...[Visit Journal] We demonstrate high power AlGaN based ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV LEDs) with an emission wavelength of 280 nm using an asymmetric single quantum well active layer configuration on top of a high-quality AlGaN/AlN template layer grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). An output power of 1.8 mW at a pulsed current of 400 mA was achieved for a single 300 µm × 300 µm diode. This device reached a high peak external quantum efficiency of 0.24% at 40 mA. An array of four diodes produced 6.5 mW at 880 mA of pulsed current. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Overview of Quantum Cascade Laser Research at the Center for Quantum Devices S. Slivken, A. Evans, J. Nguyen, Y. Bai, P. Sung, S.R. Darvish, W. Zhang and M. Razeghi SPIE Conference, January 20-25, 2008, San Jose, CA Proceedings – Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices V, Vol. 6900, p. 69000B-1-8.-- February 1, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] Over the past several years, our group has endeavored to develop high power quantum cascade lasers for a variety of remote and high sensitivity infrared applications. The systematic optimization of laser performance has allowed for demonstration of high power, continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers operating above room temperature. In the past year alone, the efficiency and power of our short wavelength lasers (~4.8 µm) has doubled. In continuous wave at room temperature, we have now separately demonstrated ~10% wallplug efficiency and ~700 mW of output power. Up to now, we have been able to show that room temperature continuous wave operation with > 100 mW output power in the 3.8 < λ < 11.5 µm wavelength range is possible. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	ZnO 3D flower-like nanostructure synthesized on GaN epitaxial layer by simple route hydrothermal process J.M. Jung, C.R. Kim, H. Ryu, M. Razeghi and W.G. Jung Journal of Alloys and Compounds-- September 15, 2007 ...[Visit Journal] The 3D type, flower-like ZnO nanostructures from particle to flower-like or chestnut bur are fabricated on the GaN epitaxial layer substrate through the simple-route hydrothermal process. Structural characterization was made for the ZnO 3D nanostructures synthesized in different pH ranging from 9.5 to 11.0. The growth model was proposed and discussed regarding the fabrication mechanism and morphology of ZnO 3D flower-like nanostructure. The flower-like ZnO is composed of many thin single crystals ZnO nanorods. Bigger and thicker ZnO structure is fabricated with the increase of pH in solution. The enhanced UV emission in the PL measurement and the spectra in the Raman spectroscopy for ZnO–GaN heterojunction material were discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Photovoltaic MWIR type-II superlattice focal plane array on GaAs substrate E.K. Huang, P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen, S. Abdoullahi-Pour, and M. Razeghi IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics (JQE), Vol. 46, No. 12, p. 1704-1708-- December 1, 2010 ...[Visit Journal] Recent improvements in the performance of Type-II superlattice (T2SL) photodetectors has spurred interest in developing low cost and large format focal plane arrays (FPA) on this material system. Due to the limitations of size and cost of native GaSb substrates, GaAs is an attractive alternative with 8” wafers commercially available, but is 7.8% lattice mismatched to T2SL. In this paper, we present a photovoltaic T2SL 320 x 256 focal plane array (FPA) in the MWIR on GaAs substrate. The FPA attained a median noise equivalent temperature difference (NEDT) of 13 mK and 10mK (F#=2.3) with integration times of 10.02 ms and 19.06 ms respectively at 67 K. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Photoluminescence Study of AlGaN-based 280 nm Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes A. Yasan, R. McClintock, K. Mayes, D.H. Kim, P. Kung, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, 83 (20)-- November 17, 2003 ...[Visit Journal] We investigated optical properties of single quantum well AlGaN-based UV 280 nm light-emitting diodes using temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurement. We found an "S-shaped" temperature dependence of the peak energy. From the Arrhenius plot of integrated PL intensity, we speculate that dislocations as well as thermal emission of carriers out of the quantum well are responsible for the PL quenching behavior. Also a second nonradiative channel with much lower activation energy was found, the origin of which we believe to be quenching of the bound excitons [reprint (PDF)]
14.	High speed type-II superlattice based photodetectors transferred on sapphire Arash Dehzangi, Ryan McClintock, Donghai Wu, Jiakai Li, Stephen Johnson, Emily Dial and Manijeh Razeghi Applied Physics Express, Volume 12, Number 11-- October 3, 2019 ...[Visit Journal] We report the substrate transfer of InAs/GaSb/AlSb based type-II superlattice (T2SL) e-SWIR photodetector from native GaSb substrates to low loss sapphire substrate in order to enhance the frequency response of the device. We have demonstrated the damage-free transfer of T2SL-based thin-films to sapphire substrate using top–down processing and a chemical epilayer release technique. After transfer the −3 dB cut-off frequency increased from 6.4 GHz to 17.2 GHz, for 8 μm diameter circular mesas under -15 V applied bias. We also investigated the cut-off frequency verses applied bias and lateral scaling to assess the limitations for even higher frequency performance. Direct Link [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Comparison of Gain and Threshold Current Density for InGaAsP/GaAs λ = 808 nm) Lasers with Different Quantum-Well Thickness H.J. Yi, J. Diaz, I. Eliashevich, G. Lukas, S. Kim, D. Wu, M. Erdtmann, C. Jelen, S. Slivken, L.J. Wang, and M. Razeghi Journal of Applied Physics 79 (11)-- July 1, 1996 ...[Visit Journal] We investigated the quantum‐size effects of quantum well (QW) on gain and threshold current density for InGaAsP/GaAs (λ=808 nm) laser diodes. In this work, a comparison is made of lasers with different QW thickness while keeping the optical confinement factors constant. We found that the threshold current density and differential efficiency were not affected by narrowing the QW thickness. The theoretical model taking into account the mixing of the valence bands and momentum relaxation for InGaAsP/GaAs lasers with spontaneous emission (optically pumped) measurement shows that the absence of difference between these structures can be attributed to the high relaxation rate. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	1.2–1.6 μm GaxIn1−xAsyP1−y-InP DH lasers grown by LPMOCVD M. Razeghi, B. de Crémoux, J.P. Duchemin M. Razeghi, B. de Crémoux, J.P. Duchemin, 1.2–1.6 μm GaxIn1−xAsyP1−y-InP DH lasers grown by LPMOCVD, Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 68, Issue 1, 1984, Pages 389-397,-- September 1, 1984 ...[Visit Journal] Room temperature pulse operation and continuous wave (CW) operation in the 1.2–1.6 μm region have been achieved in GaInAsP-InP DH lasers fabricated on material grown by LPMOCVD. Threshold currents density as low as 430 A/cm2 (cavity length of 950 μm) have been measured for devices emitting at 1.3 μm. Threshold current densities of 1060 A/cm2 (cavity length of 400 μm) have been obtained for devices emitting at 1.55 μm, with active layer thicknesses of 0.22 μm. Values of T0 between 60 and 70 K have been obtained. Fundamental transverse mode oscillation has been achieved (for CW operation) up to an output power of 10 mW. The preliminary results on the aging test are most encouraging and demonstrate that the LPMOCVD lasers emitting at 1.2–1.6 μm have comparable degradation rates to those of LPE lasers suggesting the LPMOCVD technique is promising for large scale production of laser diodes. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	High-Performance Focal Plane Arrays Based on InAs-GaSb Superlattices with a 10-micron Cutoff Wavelegth P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman and M. Razeghi IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 44, No. 5, p. 462-467-- May 1, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] We report on the demonstration of a focal plane array based on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices grown on N-type GaSb substrate with a 50%-cutoff wavelength at 10 μm. The surface leakage occurring after flip-chip bonding and underfill in the Type-II devices was suppressed using a double heterostructure design. The R₀A of diodes passivated with SiO₂ was 23 Ω·cm² after underfill. A focal plane array hybridized to an Indigo readout integrated circuit demonstrated a noise equivalent temperature difference of 33 mK at 81 K, with an integration time of 0.23 ms. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Room temperature terahertz quantum cascade laser sources with 215 μW output power through epilayer-down mounting Q. Y. Lu, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, Y. Bai, and M. Razeghi Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 011101 (2013)-- July 1, 2013 ...[Visit Journal] We report room temperature terahertz (THz) quantum cascade laser sources with high power based on difference frequency generation. The device is Čerenkov phase matched and spectrally purified with an integrated dual-period distributed-feedback grating. Symmetric current injection and epilayer-down mounting of the device onto a patterned submount are used to improve the electrical uniformity and heat removal, respectively. The epilayer-down mounting also allows for THz anti-reflective coating to enhance the THz outcoupling efficiency. Single mode emission at 3.5 THz with a side-mode suppression ratio and output power up to 30 dB and 215 μW are obtained, respectively. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	High-power λ ~ 9.5 µm quantum-cascade lasers operating above room temperature in continuous-wave mode J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, S.R. Darvish, J. Nguyen, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, 88 (9)-- February 27, 2006 ...[Visit Journal] We report high-power continuous-wave (cw) operation of λ~9.5 μm quantum-cascade lasers to a temperature of 318 K. A high-reflectivity-coated 19-μm-wide and 3-mm-long device exhibits cw output powers as high as 150 mW at 288 K and still 22 mW at 318 K. In cw operation at 298 K, a threshold current density of 1.57 kA/cm², a slope efficiency of 391 mW/A, and a maximum wall-plug efficiency of 0.71% are obtained. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Demonstration of negative differential resistance in GaN/AlN resonant tunneling didoes at room temperature Z. Vashaei, C. Bayram and M. Razeghi Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 107, No. 8, p. 083505-- April 15, 2010 ...[Visit Journal] GaN/AlN resonant tunneling diodes (RTD) were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and negative differential resistance with peak-to-valley ratios as high as 2.15 at room temperature was demonstrated. Effect of material quality on RTDs’ performance was investigated by growing RTD structures on AlN, GaN, and lateral epitaxial overgrowth GaN templates. Our results reveal that negative differential resistance characteristics of RTDs are very sensitive to material quality (such as surface roughness) and MOCVD is a suitable technique for III-nitride-based quantum devices. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Band edge tunability of M-structure for heterojunction design in Sb based Type-II superlattice photodiodes B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, P.Y. Delaunay, E.K. Huang, M. Razeghi, and J. Pellegrino Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, No. 16, p. 163502-1-- October 20, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] We present theoretically and experimentally the effect of the band discontinuity in Type-II misaligned InAs/GaSb superlattice heterodiodes. Calculations using the empirical tight binding method have shown the great flexibility in tuning the energy levels of the band edge in M-structure superlattice as compared to the standard InAs/GaSb superlattice. Through the experimental realization of several p-pi-M-n photodiodes, the band discontinuity alignment between the standard binary-binary superlattice and the M-structured superlattice was investigated via optical characterization. The agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experimental measurement confirms the capability of controlling the M-structure band edges and suggests a way to exploit this advantage for the realization of heterostructures containing an M-structured superlattice without bias dependent operation. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Investigation of the factors influencing nanostructure array growth by PLD towards reproducible wafer-scale growth Vinod E. Sandana; David. J. Rogers; Ferechteh Hosseini Teherani; Philippe Bove; Manijeh Razeghi physica status solidi (a) Applications and Materials Science. Volume 211, Issue 2, pages 449–454, (February 2014)-- January 14, 2014 ...[Visit Journal] The growth of catalyst-free ZnO nanostructure arrays on silicon (111) substrates by pulsed laser deposition was investigated. Without an underlayer, randomly oriented, micron-scale structures were obtained. Introduction of a c-axis oriented ZnO underlayer resulted in denser arrays of vertically oriented nanostructures with either tapering, vertical-walled or broadening forms, depending on background Ar pressure. Nanostructure pitch seemed to be determined by underlayer grain size while nanostructure widths could be narrowed from ∼100–500 to ∼10–50 nm by a 50 °C increase in growth temperature. A dimpled underlayer topography correlated with the moth-eye type arrays while a more granular surface was linked to vertically walled nanocolumns. Between-wafer reproducibility was demonstrated for both moth-eye and vertical nanocolumn arrays. Broadening nanostructures proved difficult to replicate, however. Full 2 inch wafer coverage was obtained by rastering the target with the laser beam. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Monolithically, widely tunable quantum cascade lasers based on a heterogeneous active region design Wenjia Zhou, Neelanjan Bandyopadhyay, Donghai Wu, Ryan McClintock & Manijeh Razeghi Nature Scientific Reports 6, Article number: 25213 -- June 8, 2016 ...[Visit Journal] Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have become important laser sources for accessing the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range, achieving watt-level continuous wave operation in a compact package at room temperature. However, up to now, wavelength tuning, which is desirable for most applications, has relied on external cavity feedback or exhibited a limited monolithic tuning range. Here we demonstrate a widely tunable QCL source over the 6.2 to 9.1 μm wavelength range with a single emitting aperture by integrating an eight-laser sampled grating distributed feedback laser array with an on-chip beam combiner. The laser gain medium is based on a five-core heterogeneous QCL wafer. A compact tunable laser system was built to drive the individual lasers within the array and produce any desired wavelength within the available spectral range. A rapid, broadband spectral measurement (520 cm⁻¹) of methane using the tunable laser source shows excellent agreement to a measurement made using a standard low-speed infrared spectrometer. This monolithic, widely tunable laser technology is compact, with no moving parts, and will open new opportunities for MIR spectroscopy and chemical sensing. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Avalanche Photodetector Based on InAs/InSb Superlattice Arash Dehzangi, Jiakai Li, Lakshay Gautam and Manijeh Razeghi Quantum rep. 2020, 2(4), 591-599; https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum2040041 (registering DOI)-- December 4, 2020 ...[Visit Journal] This work demonstrates a mid-wavelength infrared InAs/InSb superlattice avalanche photodiode (APD). The superlattice APD structure was grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaSb substrate. The device exhibits a 100 % cut-off wavelength of 4.6 µm at 150 K and 4.30 µm at 77 K. At 150 and 77 K, the device responsivity reaches peak values of 2.49 and 2.32 A/W at 3.75 µm under −1.0 V applied bias, respectively. The device reveals an electron dominated avalanching mechanism with a gain value of 6 at 150 K and 7.4 at 77 K which was observed under −6.5 V bias voltage. The gain value was measured at different temperatures and different diode sizes. The electron and hole impact ionization coefficients were calculated and compared to give a better prospect of the performance of the device. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Interface-induced Suppression of the Auger Recombination in Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattices H. Mohseni, V.I. Litvinov and M. Razeghi Physical Review B 58 (23)-- December 15, 1998 ...[Visit Journal] The temperature dependence of the nonequilibrium carriers lifetime has been deduced from the measurement of the photocurrent response in InAs/GaSb superlattices. Based on the temperature dependence of the responsivity and modeling of the transport parameters we have found that the carrier lifetime weakly depends on temperature in the high-temperature region. This indicates the temperature dependence of the Auger recombination rate with no threshold that differs it from that in the bulk material and can be attributed to the interface-induced suppression of the Auger recombination in thin quantum wells. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	High operability 1024 x 1024 long wavelength Type-II superlattice focal plane array A. Haddadi, S.R. Darvish, G. Chen, A.M. Hoang, B.M. Nguyen and M. Razeghi IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics (JQE), Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 221-228-- February 10, 2012 ...[Visit Journal] Electrical and radiometric characterization results of a high-operability 1024 x 1024 long wavelength infrared type-II superlattice focal plane array are described. It demonstrates excellent quantum efficiency operability of 95.8% and 97.4% at operating temperatures of 81 K and 68 K, respectively. The external quantum efficiency is 81% without any antireflective coating. The dynamic range is 37 dB at 81 K and increases to 39 dB at 68 K operating temperature. The focal plane array has noise equivalent temperature difference as low as 27 mK and 19 mK at operating temperatures of 81 K and 68 K, respectively, using f/2 optics and an integration time of 0.13 ms. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Long-term reliability of Al-free InGaAsP/GaAs λ = 808 nm) lasers at high-power high-temperature operation J. Diaz, H. Yi, M. Razeghi and G.T. Burnham Applied Physics Letters 71 (21)-- November 24, 1997 ...[Visit Journal] We report the long-term reliability measurement on uncoated Al-free InGaAsP/GaAs (λ = 808 nm) lasers at high-power and high-temperature operation. No degradation in laser performance has been observed for over 30 ,000 h of lifetime testing in any of randomly selected several 100 μm-wide uncoated lasers operated at 60 °C with 1 W continuous wave output power. This is the first and the most conclusive evidence ever reported that directly shows the high long-term reliability of uncoated Al-free lasers. [reprint (PDF)]
14.	Neutron Activation Analysis of an Iranian Cigarette and its Smoke Z. Abedinzadeh, M. Razeghi and B. Parsa Z. Abedinzadeh, M. Razeghi and B. Parsa, Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry, VoL 35 [1977) 373-376-- September 1, 1977 ...[Visit Journal] Non-destructive neutron activation analysis, employing a high-resolution Ge(Li) detector, was applied to determine the concentration of 24 trace elements in the tobacco of the Zarrin cigarette which is commercially made in Iran. These elements are: Na, K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, Ag, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Hf, Au, Hg and Th. The smokes from the combustion of this tobacco and of the cigarette paper were also analysed for these elements and the percentage transference values were calculated. [reprint (PDF)]

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