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1.  Room temperature quantum cascade lasers with 27% wall plug efficiency
Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Tsao, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 98, No. 18, p. 181102-1-- May 3, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
Using the recently proposed shallow-well design, we demonstrate InP based quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) emitting around 4.9 μm with 27% and 21% wall plug efficiencies in room temperature (298 K) pulsed and continuous wave (CW) operations, respectively. The laser core consists of 40 QCL-stages. The highest cw efficiency is obtained from a buried-ridge device with a ridge width of 8 μm and a cavity length of 5 mm. The front and back facets are antireflection and high-reflection coated, respectively. The maximum single facet cw power at room temperature amounts to 5.1 W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  EPR Investigations of a Structural Phase Change in Lead Phosphate
M. RAZEG
M. RAZEGHI: EPR Investigations of a Structural Phase Change, phys. stat. sol. (b) 108, 175 (1981)-- April 10, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
The temperature dependence of the EPR line width of the Mn2+ and Gd3+ in Pb,(PO,), is investigated from -270 to 500 "C. At the first-order ferroelastic transition point (180 "C), an abrupt change in the fine-structure splitting as well as in the resonance line width is observed. Various contributions to fine structure D and E parameters of Mn2+ and Gd3+ are computed, using a point-multipole model. For temperatures near to Tc the correlation time of the fluctuations is estimated to be greater than Die Temperaturabhangigkeit der EPR-Linienbreite von Mn2+,'und Gd3+ in Pb,(PO,), wird zwischen -270 und 500 "C untersucht. Am ferroelastischen vbergangspunkt erster Ordnung (180 "C) wird eine abrupte Anderung der Feinstrukturaufspaltung sowie der Linienbreite der Resonanzlinien beobachtet. Verschiedene Beitrage zu den Feinstrukturparametern D und E von Mn2+ und Gd3+ werden mittels eines Punkt-Multipol-Modells berechnet. Fur Temperaturen in der Nahe von T, wird die Korrelationszeit der Fluktuationen eu groI3er als s. s bestimmt. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Fabrication and characterization of novel hybrid green light emitting didoes based on substituting n-type ZnO for n-type GaN in an inverted p-n junction
C. Bayram, D. Rogers, F. H. Teherani, and M. Razeghi
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, Vol. 27, No. 3, May/June, p. 1784-1788-- May 29, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
Details of the fabrication and characterization of hybrid green light emitting diodes, composed of n-ZnO/(InGaN/GaN) multi-quantum-wells/p-GaN on AlN/sapphire, are reported. Scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, high resolution x-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence were used to study the hybrid device. The effects of solvents, annealing, and etching on n-ZnO are discussed. Successful hybridization of ZnO and (In)GaN into a green light emitting diode was realized. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Quantum Devices Based on Modern Band Structure Engineering and Epitaxial Technology
M. Razeghi
Modern Physics Letters B, Vol. 22, No. 24, p. 2343-2371-- September 20, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
Modern band structure engineering is based both on the important discoveries of the past century and modern epitaxial technology. The general goal is to control the behavior of charge carriers on an atomic scale, which affects how they interact with each other and their environment. Starting from the basic semiconductor heterostructure, band structure engineering has evolved into a powerful discipline, employing lower dimensionality to demonstrate new material properties. Several modern technologies under development are used as examples of how this discipline is enabling new types of devices and new functionality in areas with immediate application.
 
1.  Advances in APDs for UV astronomy
Melville P. Ulmer; Ryan M. McClintock; Jose L. Pau; Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 6686, UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XV, 668605 (September 13, 2007)-- November 13, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the most recent work of our group of the development of avalanche photo diodes based on (Al)GaN. The goal of this group is to achieve single photon counting. In this paper we first give the scientific motivation for making such a device in the context of UV astronomy and then describe current work and plans for future development. The development includes improving the sensitivity to be able to carry out single photon detection and the fabrication of arrays. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  320x256 infrared focal plane array based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice with a 12 μm cutoff wavelength
P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Porceedings, Vol. 6542, Orlando, FL 2007, p. 654204-- April 9, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
In the past few years, significant progress has been made in the structure design, growth and processing of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors. Type-II superlattice demonstrated its ability to perform imaging in the middle and long infra-red range, becoming a potential competitor for technologies such as QWIP and HgCdTe. Using an empirical tight-binding model, we developed a superlattice design that matches the lattice parameter of GaSb substrates and presents a cutoff wavelength of 12 μm. Electrical and optical measurements performed on single element detectors at 77 K showed an R0A averaging 13 Ω·cm² and a quantum efficiency as high as 54%. We demonstrated high quality material growth with x-ray FWHM below 30 arcsec and an AFM rms roughness of 1.5 Å over an area of 20x20 μm². A 320x256 array of 25x25μm² pixels, hybridized to an Indigo Read Out Integrated Circuit, performed thermal imaging up to 185 K with an operability close to 97%. The noise equivalent temperature difference at 81 K presented a peak at 270 mK, corresponding to a mean value of 340 mK. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Non-equilibrium radiation of long wavelength InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes
D. Hoffman, A. Hood, F. Fuchs and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics 99-- February 15, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
The emission behavior of binary-binary type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes has been studied in the spectral range between 8 and 13 μm. With a radiometric calibration of the experimental setup the internal and external quantum efficiencies have been determined in the temperature range between 80 and 300 K for both the negative and positive luminescences. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Demonstration of InAsSb/AlInSb Double Heterostructure Detectors for Room Temperature Operation in the 5–8 μm Wavelength Range
J.S. Wojkowski, H. Mohseni, J.D. Kim, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 27, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the first demonstration of InAsSb/AlInSb double heterostructure detectors for room temperature operation. The structures were grown in a solid source molecular beam epitaxy reactor on semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The material was processed to 400x400 micrometer mesas using standard photolithography, etching, and metallization techniques. No optical immersion or surface passivation was used. The photovoltaic detectors showed a cutoff wavelength at 8 micrometer at 300 K. The devices showed a high quantum efficiency of 40% at 7 μm at room temperature. A responsivity of 300 mA/W was measured at 7 μm under a reverse bias of 0.25 V at 300 K resulting in a Johnson noise limited detectivity of 2x108 cm·Hz½/W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  High-speed, low-noise metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors based on GaN
D. Walker, E. Monroy, P. Kung, J. Wu, M. Hamilton, F.J. Sanchez, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 74 (5)-- February 1, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
We present the fabrication and characterization of nonintentionally doped GaN and GaN:Mg Schottky metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photodetectors, grown on sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Low-leakage, Schottky contacts were made with Pt/Au. The devices are visible blind, with an ultraviolet/green contrast of about five orders of magnitude. The response times of the MSM devices were <10 ns and about 200 ns for GaN and GaN:Mg, respectively. The noise power spectral density remains below the background level of the system (10−24  A²/Hz) up to 5 V, for the undoped GaN MSM detector. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Ridge-Width Dependence on High-Temperature Continuous-Wave Quantum-Cascade Laser Operation
S. Slivken, J.S. Yu, A. Evans, L. Doris, J. David, and M. Razeghi
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 16 (3)-- March 1, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
We report continuous-wave (CW) operation of quantum-cascade lasers (λ=6 μm) up to a temperature of 313 K (40°C). The maximum CW optical output powers range from 212 mW at 288 K to 22 mW at 313 K and are achieved with threshold current densities of 2.21 and 3.11 kA/cm2, respectively, for a high-reflectivity-coated 12-μm-wide and 2-mm-long laser. At room temperature (298 K), the power output is 145 mW at 0.87 A, corresponding to a power conversion efficiency of 1.68%. The maximum CW operating temperature of double-channel ridge waveguide lasers mounted epilayer-up on copper heatsinks is analyzed in terms of the ridge width, which is varied between 12 and 40 μm. A clear trend of improved performance is observed as the ridge narrows. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Strain-Induced Metastable Phase Stabilization in Ga2O3 Thin Films
Yaobin Xu, Ji-hyeon Park, Zhenpeng Yao, Christopher Wolverton, Manijeh Razeghi, Jinsong Wu, and Vinayak P. Dravid
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces-- January 10, 2019 ...[Visit Journal]
It is well known that metastable and transient structures in bulk can be stabilized in thin films via epitaxial strain (heteroepitaxy) and appropriate growth conditions that are often far from equilibrium. However, the mechanism of heteroepitaxy, particularly how the nominally unstable or metastable phase gets stabilized, remains largely unclear. This is especially intriguing for thin film Ga2O3, where multiple crystal phases may exist under varied growth conditions with spatial and dimensional constraints. Herein, the development and distribution of epitaxial strain at the Ga2O3/Al2O3 film-substrate interfaces is revealed down to the atomic resolution along different orientations, with an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Just a few layers of metastable α-Ga2O3 structure were found to accommodate the misfit strain in direct contact with the substrate. Following an epitaxial α-Ga2O3 structure of about couple unit cells, several layers (4~5) of transient phase appear as the intermediate structure to release the misfit strain. Subsequent to this transient crystal phase, the nominally unstable κ-Ga2O3 phase is stabilized as the major thin film phase form. We show that the epitaxial strain is gracefully accommodated by rearrangement of the oxygen polyhedra. When the structure is under large compressive strain, Ga3+ ions occupy only the oxygen octahedral sites to form a dense structure. With gradual release of the compressive strain, more and more Ga3+ ions occupy the oxygen tetrahedral sites, leading to volumetric expansion and the phase transformation. The structure of the transition phase is identified by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) observation, complemented by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This study provides insights from the atomic scale and their implications for the design of functional thin film materials using epitaxial engineering.
 
1.  Room temperature continuous wave, monolithic tunable THz sources based on highly efficient mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers
Quanyong Lu, Donghai Wu, Saumya Sengupta, Steven Slivken, Manijeh Razeghi
Nature Scientific Reports 6, Article number: 23595-- March 24, 2016 ...[Visit Journal]
A compact, high power, room temperature continuous wave terahertz source emitting in a wide frequency range (ν ~ 1–5 THz) is of great importance to terahertz system development for applications in spectroscopy, communication, sensing, and imaging. Here, we present a strong-coupled strain-balanced quantum cascade laser design for efficient THz generation based on intracavity difference frequency generation. Room temperature continuous wave emission at 3.41 THz with a side-mode suppression ratio of 30 dB and output power up to 14 μW is achieved with a wall-plug efficiency about one order of magnitude higher than previous demonstrations. With this highly efficient design, continuous wave, single mode THz emissions with a wide frequency tuning range of 2.06–4.35 THz and an output power up to 4.2 μW are demonstrated at room temperature from two monolithic three-section sampled grating distributed feedback-distributed Bragg reflector lasers. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  III-Nitride Optoelectronic Devices: From Ultraviolet Toward Terahertz
M. Razeghi
IEEE Photonics Journal-Breakthroughs in Photonics 2010, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 263-267-- April 26, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
We review III-Nitride optoelectronic device technologies with an emphasis on recent breakthroughs. We start with a brief summary of historical accomplishments and then report the state-of-the-art in three key spectral regimes: (1) Ultraviolet (AlGaN-based avalanche photodiodes, single photon detectors, focal plane arrays, and light emitting diodes), (2) Visible (InGaN-based solid state lighting, lasers, and solar cells), and (3) Near-, mid-infrared, and terahertz (AlGaN/GaN-based gap-engineered intersubband devices). We also describe future trends in III-Nitride optoelectronic devices. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Spatial Noise and Correctability of Type-II InAs/GaSb Focal Plane Arrays
P.Y. Delaunay and M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quanutm Electronics, April 2010, Vol. 46, No. 4, p. 584-588-- April 1, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
A long wavelength infrared focal plane array based on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices was fabricated and characterized at 80 K. The noise equivalent temperature difference of the array was measured as low as 23 mK (f# = 2), for an integration time of 0.129 ms. The spatial noise of the array was dominated by the nonuniformity of the illumination through the circular aperture. A standard two-point nonuniformity correction improved the inhomogeneity equivalent temperature difference to 16 mK. The correctability just after calibration was 0.6. The long-term stability time was superior to 25 hours. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  A Review of III-Nitride Research at the Center for Quantum Devices
M. Razeghi and R. McClintock
Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 311, No. 10-- May 1, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
In this paper, we review the history of the Center for Quantum Devices’ (CQD) III-nitride research covering the past 15 years. We review early work developing III-nitride material growth. We then present a review of laser and light-emitting diode (LED) results covering everything from blue lasers to deep UV LEDs emitting at 250 nm. This is followed by a discussion of our UV photodetector research from early photoconductors all the way to current state of the art Geiger-mode UV single photon detectors. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Gain and recombination dynamics in photodetectors made with quantum nanostructures: The quantum dot in a well and the quantum well
B. Movaghar, S. Tsao, S. Abdollahi Pour, T. Yamanaka, and M. Razeghi
Physical Review B, Vol. 78, No. 11-- September 15, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
We consider the problem of charge transport and recombination in semiconductor quantum well infrared photodetectors and quantum-dot-in-a-well infrared detectors. The photoexcited carrier relaxation is calculated using rigorous random-walk and diffusion methods, which take into account the finiteness of recombination cross sections, and if necessary the memory of the carrier generation point. In the present application, bias fields are high and it is sufficient to consider the drift limited regime. The photoconductive gain is discussed in a quantum-mechanical language, making it more transparent, especially with regard to understanding the bias and temperature dependence. Comparing experiment and theory, we can estimate the respective recombination times. The method developed here applies equally well to nanopillar structures, provided account is taken of changes in mobility and trapping. Finally, we also derive formulas for the photocurrent time decays, which in a clean system at high bias are sums of two exponentials. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Research activity on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice for LWIR detection and imaging at the Center for Quantum Devices
M. Razeghi and B.M. Nguyen
American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings Vol. 949, Issue 1, p. 35-42, 6th International Workshop on Information Optics (WIO'07), Reykjavik, Iceland, June 25-30, 2007-- October 24, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
Type-II superlattice photodetectors have recently experienced significant improvements in both theoretical structure design and experimental realization. Empirical Tight Binding Method was initiated and developed for Type-II superlattice. A new Type-II structure, called M-structure, was introduced and theoretically demonstrated high R0A, high quantum efficiency. Device design and growth condition were optimized to improve the performance. As a result, a 54% quantum efficiency, a 12 Ω·cm2 R0A were achieved for 11 µm cut-off photodetector at 77 K. Effective surface passivation techniques for MWIR and LWIR Type-II superlattice were developed. FPA imaging at MWIR and LWIR were demonstrated with a capability of imaging up to room temperature and 211 K respectively. The noise equivalent temperature difference presented a peak at 50 mK for MWIR FPA at 121 K and 26 mK for LWIR FPA at 81 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Materials characterization of n-ZnO/p-GaN:Mg/c-Al(2)O(3) UV LEDs grown by pulsed laser deposition and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
D. Rogers, F.H. Teherani, P. Kung, K. Minder, and M. Razeghi
Superlattices and Microstructures-- April 1, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
n-ZnO/p-GaN:Mg hybrid heterojunctions grown on c-Al2O3 substrates showed 375 nm room temperature electroluminescence. It was suggested that the high materials and interface quality obtained using pulsed laser deposition for the n-ZnO growth and metal–organic chemical vapor deposition for the p-GaN:Mg were key factors enabling the injection of holes and the radiative near band edge recombination in the ZnO. In this paper we present the materials characterization of this structure using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Electroluminescence of InAs/GaSb heterodiodes
D. Hoffman, A. Hood, E. Michel, F. Fuchs, and M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 42 (2)-- February 1, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
The electroluminescence of a Type-II InAs-GaSb superlattice heterodiode has been studied as a function of injection current and temperature in the spectral range between 3 and 13 μm. The heterodiode comprises a Be-doped midwavelength infrared (MWIR) superlattice with an effective bandgap around 270 meV and an undoped long wavelength infrared (LWIR) superlattice with an effective bandgap of 115 meV. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  High Temperature Continuous Wave Operation of ~8 μm Quantum Cascade Lasers
S. Slivken, A. Matlis, C. Jelen, A. Rybaltowski, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 74 (2)-- January 11, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
We report single-mode continuous-wave operation of a λ∼8 μm quantum cascade laser at 140 K. The threshold current density is 4.2 kA/cm² at 300 K in pulsed mode and 2.5 kA/cm² at 140 K in continuous wave for 2 mm long index-guided laser cavities of 20 μm width. Wide stripe (W ∼ 100 μm), index-guided lasers from the same wafer in pulsed operation demonstrate an average T0 of 210 K with other wafers demonstrating a T0 as high as 290 K for temperatures from 80 to 300 K. This improvement in high-temperature performance is a direct result of three factors: excellent material quality, a low-loss waveguide design, and a low-leakage index-guided laser geometry. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Effect of the spin split-off band on optical absorption in p-type Ga1 xInxAsyP1-y quantum-well infrared detectors
J.R. Hoff, M. Razeghi and G. Brown
Physical Review B 54 (15)-- October 15, 1996 ...[Visit Journal]
Experimental investigations of p-type Ga1-xInxAsyP1-y quantum-well intersubband photodetectors (QWIP’s) led to the discovery of unique features in photoresponse spectra of these devices. In particular, the strong 2–5 μm photoresponse of these QWIP’s was not anticipated based on previous experimental and theoretical results for p-type GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs QWIP’s. Our theoretical modeling of p-type QWIP’s based on the Ga1-xInxAsyP1-y system revealed that the intense short-wavelength photoresponse was due to a much stronger coupling to the spin-orbit split-off components in the continuum than occurs for GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs QWIP’s. Due to the strong influence of the spin split-off band, an eight-band Kane Hamiltonian was required to accurately model the measured photoresponse spectra. This theoretical model is first applied to a standard p-type GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As QWIP, and then to a series of GaAs/Ga0.51In0.49P, GaAs/Ga0.62In0.38As0.22P0.78, Ga0.79In0.21As0.59P0.41/Ga0.51In0.49P, and Ga0.79In0.21As0.59P0.41/Ga0.62In0.38As0.22P0.78 QWIP’s. Through this analysis, the insignificance of spin split-off absorption in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs QWIP’s is verified, as is the dual role of light-hole extended-state and spin split-off hole-extended-state absorption on the spectral shape of Ga1-xInxAsyP1-y QWIP’s. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Ammonium Sulfide Passivation of Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattice Photodiodes
A. Gin, Y. Wei, A. Hood, A. Bajowala, V. Yazdanpanah, M. Razeghi and M.Z. Tidrow
Applied Physics Letters, 84 (12)-- March 22, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the surface passivation of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors using various ammonium sulfide solutions. Compared to unpassivated detectors, zero-bias resistance of treated 400 µm×400 µm devices with 8 µm cutoff wavelength was improved by over an order of magnitude to ~20 kΩ at 80 K. Reverse-bias dark current density was reduced by approximately two orders of magnitude to less than 10 mA/cm2 at –2 V. Dark current modeling, which takes into account trap-assisted tunneling, indicates greater than 70 times reduction in bulk trap density for passivated detectors. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Growth and Characterization of Type-II Non-Equilibrium Photovoltaic Detectors for Long Wavelength Infrared Range
H. Mohseni, J. Wojkowski, A. Tahraoui, M. Razeghi, G. Brown and W. Mitche
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 26, 2000 ...[Visit Journal]
Growth and characterization of type-II detectors for mid-IR wavelength range is presented. The device has a p-i-n structure is designed to operate in the non-equilibrium mode with low tunneling current. The active layer is a short period InAs/GaSb superlattice. Wider bandgap p-type AlSb and n-type InAs layers are used to facilitate the extraction of both electronics and holes from the active layer for the first time. The performance of these devices were compared to the performance of devices grown at the same condition, but without the AlSb barrier layers. The processed devices with the AlSb barrier show a peak responsivity of about 1.2 A/W with Johnson noise limited detectivity of 1.1 X 1011 cm·Hz½/W at 8 μm at 80 K at zero bias. The details of the modeling, growth, and characterizations will be presented. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Well Resolved Room Temperature Photovoltage Spectra of GaAs-GaInP Quantum Wells and Superlattices
Xiaoguang He and Manijeh Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 62 (6)-- February 8, 1993 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the first well resolved room‐temperature photovoltage spectra due to the sublevel transitions in the GaInP‐GaAs superlattices and multiquantum wells grown by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Sharp well resolved peaks attributed to exciton absorption of the electron‐to‐light hole and electron‐to‐heavy hole have been observed at room temperature. This indicates that GaAs‐GaInP is a promising material for the application of the modulators, optical switches, and optical bistable divices. Satisfactory agreements between experimental measurements and theoretical results have been obtained. These results demonstrate that photovoltage spectroscopy is a simple, but very powerful tool to study quantum confinement structures.   [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Comparison of the Physical Properties of GaN Thin Films Deposited on (0112) and (0001) Sapphire Substrates
C.J. Sun and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 63 (7)-- August 16, 1993 ...[Visit Journal]
A direct comparison of the physical properties of GaN thin films is made as a function of the choice of substrate orientations. Gallium nitride single crystals were grown on (0001) and (0112) sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Better crystallinity with fine ridgelike facets is obtained on the (0112) sapphire. Also lower carrier concentration and higher mobilities indicate both lower nitrogen vacancies and less oxygen incorporation on the (0112) sapphire. The results of this study show better physical properties of GaN thin films achieved on (0112) sapphire. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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