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6.  Continuous wave quantum cascade lasers with 5.6 W output power at room temperature and 41% wall-plug efficiency in cryogenic operation
F. Wang, S. Slivken, D. H. Wu, Q. Y. Lu, and M. Razeghi
AIP Advances 10, 055120-- May 19, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
In this paper, we report a post-polishing technique to achieve nearly complete surface planarization for the buried ridge regrowth processing of quantum cascade lasers. The planarized device geometry improves the thermal conduction and reliability and, most importantly, enhances the power and efficiency in continuous wave operation. With this technique, we demonstrate a high continuous wave wall-plug efficiency of an InP-based quantum cascade laser reaching ∼41% with an output power of ∼12 W from a single facet operating at liquid nitrogen temperature. At room temperature, the continuous wave output power exceeds the previous record, reaching ∼5.6 W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
6.  Performance analysis of infrared heterojunction phototransistors based on Type-II superlattices
Jiakai Li, Arash Dehzangi, Manijeh Razeghi
Infrared Physics & Technology Volume 113, March 2021, 103641 ...[Visit Journal]
In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the n-p-n infrared heterojunction phototransistors (HPTs)based on Type-II superlattices has been demonstrated. Different kinds of Type-II superlattices were carefully chosen for the emitter, base, and collector to improve the optical performance. The effects of different device parameters include emitter doping concentration, base doping concentration, base thickness and energy bandgap difference between emitter and base on the optical gain of the HPTs have been investigated. By scaling the base thickness to 20 nm, the HPT exhibits an optical gain of 345.3 at 1.6 μm at room temperature. For a 10 μm diameter HPT device, a −3 dB cut-off frequency of 5.1 GHz was achieved under 20 V at 150 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
6.  High operability 1024 x 1024 long wavelength Type-II superlattice focal plane array
A. Haddadi, S.R. Darvish, G. Chen, A.M. Hoang, B.M. Nguyen and M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics (JQE), Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 221-228-- February 10, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
Electrical and radiometric characterization results of a high-operability 1024 x 1024 long wavelength infrared type-II superlattice focal plane array are described. It demonstrates excellent quantum efficiency operability of 95.8% and 97.4% at operating temperatures of 81 K and 68 K, respectively. The external quantum efficiency is 81% without any antireflective coating. The dynamic range is 37 dB at 81 K and increases to 39 dB at 68 K operating temperature. The focal plane array has noise equivalent temperature difference as low as 27 mK and 19 mK at operating temperatures of 81 K and 68 K, respectively, using f/2 optics and an integration time of 0.13 ms. [reprint (PDF)]
 
6.  Multi-band SWIR-MWIR-LWIR Type-II superlattice based infrared photodetector
Manijeh Razeghi, Arash Dehzangi, Jiakai Li
Results in Optics Volume 2, January 2021, 100054 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2021.100054 ...[Visit Journal]
Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices (T2SLs) has drawn a lot of attention since it was introduced in 1970, especially for infrared detection as a system of multi-interacting quantum wells. In recent years, T2SL material system has experienced incredible improvements in material quality, device structure designs and device fabrication process, which elevated the performances of T2SL-based photo-detectors to a comparable level to the state-of-the-art material systems for infrared detection such as Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT). As a pioneer in the field, center for quantum devices (CQD) has been involved in growth, design, characterization, and introduction of T2SL material system for infrared photodetection. In this review paper, we will present the latest development of bias-selectable multi-band infrared photodetectors at the CQD, based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb and InAs/InAs1-xSbx type-II superlattice. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  Extended short-wavelength infrared nBn photodetectors based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices with an AlAsSb/GaSb superlattice barrier
A. Haddadi, R. Chevallier, A. Dehzangi, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 110, 101104-- March 8, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
Extended short-wavelength infrared nBn photodetectors based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices on GaSb substrate have been demonstrated. An AlAsSb/GaSb H-structure superlattice design was used as the large-bandgap electron-barrier in these photodetectors. The photodetector is designed to have a 100% cut-off wavelength of ∼2.8 μm at 300 K. The photodetector exhibited a room-temperature (300 K) peak responsivity of 0.65 A/W at 1.9 μm, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 41% at zero bias under front-side illumination, without any anti-reflection coating. With an R × A of 78 Ω·cm² and a dark current density of 8 × 10−3 A/cm² under −400 mV applied bias at 300 K, the nBn photodetector exhibited a specific detectivity of 1.51 × 1010 Jones. At 150 K, the photodetector exhibited a dark current density of 9.5 × 10−9 A/cm² and a quantum efficiency of 50%, resulting in a detectivity of 1.12 × 1013 Jones. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  InAs/InAs1-xSbx type-II superlattices for high performance long wavelength infrared detection
A. Haddadi , G. Chen , R. Chevallier , A. M. Hoang , and M. Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 121104 (2014)-- September 22, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
High performance long-wavelength infrared nBn photodetectors based on InAs/InAs1−xSbx type-II superlattices on GaSb substrate have been demonstrated. The photodetector's 50% cut-off wavelength was ∼10 μm at 77 K. The photodetector with a 6 μm-thick absorption region exhibited a peak responsivity of 4.47 A/W at 7.9 μm, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 54% at −90 mV bias voltage under front-side illumination and without any anti-reflection coating. With an R × A of 119 Ω·cm² and a dark current density of 4.4 × 10−4 A/cm² under −90 mV applied bias at 77 K, the photodetector exhibited a specific detectivity of 2.8 × 1011 cm·Hz1/2·W-1. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  Comparison of PLD-Grown p-NiO/n-Ga2O3 Heterojunctions on Bulk Single Crystal β-Ga2O3 and r-plane Sapphire Substrates
D. J. Rogers , V. E. Sandana, F. Hosseini Teherani and M. Razeghi
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 12895, Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XX, 128870J (28 January - 1 February 2024 San Francisco)doi: 10.1117/12.3012511 ...[Visit Journal]
p-NiO/n-Ga2O3 heterostructures were formed on single crystal (-201) β (monoclinic) Ga2O3 and r-sapphire substrates by Pulsed Laser Deposition. Ring mesa layer stacks were created using a shadow mask during growth. X-Ray diffraction studies were consistent with the formation of (111) oriented fcc NiO on the bulk Ga2O3 and randomly oriented fcc NiO on (102) oriented β-Ga2O3 /r-sapphire. RT optical transmission studies revealed bandgap energy values of ~3.65 eV and ~5.28 eV for the NiO and Ga2O3 on r-sapphire. p-n junction devices were formed by depositing gold contacts on the layer stacks using shadow masks in a thermal evaporator. Both heterojunctions showed rectifying I/V characteristics. On bulk Ga2O, the junction showed a current density over 16mA/cm2 at +20V forward bias and a reverse bias leakage current over 3 orders of magnitude lower at -20V (1 pA). On Ga2O3/r-sapphire the forward bias current density at +15V was about an order of magnitude lower than for the p-NiO/bulk n-Ga2O3 heterojunction while the reverse bias leakage current at -15V (~ 20 pA) was an order of magnitude higher. Hence the NiO/bulk Ga2O3 junction was more rectifying. Upon illumination with a Xenon lamp a distinct increase in current was observed for the IV curves in both devices (four orders of magnitude for -15V reverse bias in the case of the p-NiO/bulk n-Ga2O3 heterojunction). The p-NiO/n-Ga2O3/rsapphire junction gave a spectral responsivity with a FWHM value of 80nm and two distinct response peaks (with maxima at 230 and 270nm) which were attributed to carriers being photogenerated in the Ga2O3 underlayer. For both devices time response studies showed a 10%/90% rise and fall of the photo generated current upon shutter open and closing which was relatively abrupt (millisecond range), and there was no evidence of significant persistent photoconductivity. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  Demonstration of Planar Type-II Superlattice-Based Photodetectors Using Silicon Ion-Implantation
Arash Dehzangi, Donghai Wu, Ryan McClintock, Jiakai Li, Alexander Jaud and Manijeh Razeghi
Photonics 2020, 7(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics7030068-- September 3, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
In this letter, we report the demonstration of a pBn planar mid-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on type-II InAs/InAs1−xSbx superlattices, using silicon ion-implantation to isolate the devices. At 77 K the photodetectors exhibited peak responsivity of 0.76 A/W at 3.8 µm, corresponding to a quantum efficiency, without anti-reflection coating, of 21.5% under an applied bias of +40 mV with a 100% cut-off wavelength of 4.6 µm. With a dark current density of 5.21 × 10−6 A/cm2, under +40 mV applied bias and at 77 K, the photodetector exhibited a specific detectivity of 4.95 × 1011 cm·Hz1/2/W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  Dark current reduction in microjunction-based compound electron barrier type-II InAs/InAs1-xSbx superlattice-based long-wavelength infrared photodetectors
Romain Chevallier, Abbas Haddadi, Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 10540, Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XV Page. 1054007-1-- January 26, 2018 ...[Visit Journal]
Reduction of dark current density in microjunction-based InAs/InAs1-xSbx type-II superlattice long-wavelength infrared photodetectors was demonstrated. A double electron barrier design was used to suppress both generation-recombination and surface dark currents. The photodetectors exhibited high surface resistivity after passivation with SiO2, which permits the use of small size features without having strong surface leakage current degrading the electrical performance. Fabricating a microjunction structure (25×25 μm² mesas with 10×10 μm² microjunctions) with this photodetector double barrier design results in a dark current density of 6.3×10-6 A/cm² at 77 K. The device has an 8 μm cut-off wavelength at 77 K and exhibits a quantum efficiency of 31% for a 2 μm-thick absorption region, which results in a specific detectivity value of 1.2×1012 cm·Hz1/2/W at 77 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  Planar nBn type-II superlattice mid-wavelength infrared photodetectors using zinc ion-implantation
Arash Dehzangi, Donghai Wu, Ryan McClintock, Jiakai Li, and Manijeh Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 116, 221103 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0010273-- June 2, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
In this Letter, we report the demonstration of zinc ion-implantation to realize planar mid-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on type-II InAs/InAs1−xSbx superlattices. At 77 K, the photodetectors exhibit a peak responsivity of 0.68 A/W at 3.35 μm, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 23.5% under Vb = −80 mV, without anti-reflection coating; these photodetectors have a 100% cutoff wavelength of 4.28 μm. With an R0 × A value of 1.53 × 104 Ω cm2 and a dark current density of 1.23 × 10−6 A/cm2 under an applied bias of −80 mV at 77 K, the photodetectors exhibit a specific detectivity of 9.12 × 1011 cm·Hz1/2/W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  Use of Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia Substrates for Zinc Oxide Mediated Epitaxial Lift-off of Superior Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia Thin Films
D. J. Rogers, T. Maroutian, V. E. Sandana, P. Lecoeur, F. H. Teherani, P. Bove and M. Razeghi
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 12887, Oxide-based Materials and Devices XV, 128870P 2024, San Francisco),doi: 10.1117/12.3023431 ...[Visit Journal]
ZnO layers were grown on (100) and (111) oriented YSZ substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). X-ray diffraction studies revealed growth of wurtzite ZnO with strong preferential (0002) orientation. The ZnO layer on YSZ (111) showed distinct Pendellosung fringes and a more pronounced c-axis orientation (rocking curve of 0.08°). Atomic force microscopy revealed RMS roughnesses of 0.7 and 2.2nm for the ZnO on the YSZ (111) and YSZ (100), respectively. YSZ was then grown on the ZnO buffered YSZ (111) substrate by PLD. XRD revealed that the YSZ overlayer grew with a strong preferential (111) orientation. The YSZ/ZnO/YSZ (111) top surface was temporary bonded to an Apiezon wax carrier and the sample was immersed in 0.1M HCl so as to preferentially etch/dissolve away the ZnO underlayer and release the YSZ from the substrate. XRD revealed only the characteristic (111) peak of YSZ after lift-off and thus confirmed both the dissolution of the ZnO and the preservation of the crystallographic integrity of the YSZ on the wax carrier. Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy revealed some buckling, roughening and cracking of the lifted YSZ, however. XRD suggested that this may have been due to compressive epitaxial strain release. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  Room-temperature continuous wave operation of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers with watt-level power output
Q.Y. Lu, Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, Sl Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 97, No. 23, p. 231119-1-- December 6, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate surface-grating distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) with a watt-level power output at 4.75 μm. A device with a 5 mm cavity length exhibits an output power of 1.1 W in room-temperature cw operation. Single-mode operation with a side mode suppression ratio of 30 dB is obtained in the working temperature of 15–105 °C. A double-lobed far field with negligible beam steering is observed. The significance of this demonstration lies in its simplicity and readiness to be applied to standard QCL wafers with the promise of high-power performances. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  High-Performance InP-Based Mid-IR Quantum Cascade Lasers
M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 3, May-June 2009, p. 941-951.-- June 5, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) were once considered as inefficient devices, as the wall-plug efficiency (WPE) was merely a few percent at room temperature. But this situation has changed in the past few years, as dramatic enhancements to the output power andWPE have been made for InP-based mid-IR QCLs. Room temperature continuous-wave (CW) output power as high as 2.8 W and WPE as high as 15% have now been demonstrated for individual devices. Along with the fundamental exploration of refining the design and improving the material quality, a consistent determination of important device performance parameters allows for strategically addressing each component that can be improved potentially. In this paper, we present quantitative experimental evidence backing up the strategies we have adopted to improve the WPE for QCLs with room temperature CW operation. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  Advances in mid-infrared detection and imaging: a key issues review
Manijeh Razeghi and Binh-Minh Nguyen
Rep. Prog. Phys. 77 (2014) 082401-- August 4, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
It has been over 200 years since people recognized the presence of infrared radiation, and developed methods to capture this signal. However, current material systems and technologies for infrared detections have not met the increasing demand for high performance infrared detectors/cameras, with each system having intrinsic drawbacks. Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice has been recently considered as a promising candidate for the next generation of infrared detection and imaging. Type-II superlattice is a man-made crystal structure, consisting of multiple quantum wells placed next to each other in a controlled way such that adjacent quantum wells can interact. The interaction between multiple quantum wells offers an additional degree of freedom in tailoring the material's properties. Another advantage of type-II superlattice is the experimental benefit of inheriting previous research on material synthesis and device fabrication of bulk semiconductors. It is the combination of these two unique strengths of type-II superlattice—novel physics and easy manipulation—that has enabled unprecedented progress in recent years. In this review, we will describe historical development, and current status of type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice for advanced detection and imaging in the mid-infrared regime (λ = 3–5 µm). [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  High quantum efficiency mid-wavelength infrared type-II InAs/InAs1-xSbx superlattice photodiodes grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
Donghai Wu , Quentin Durlin, Arash Dehzangi , Yiyun Zhang , and Manijeh Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 114, 011104-- January 8, 2019 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the growth and characterization of mid-wavelength infrared type-II InAs/InAs1-xSbx superlattice photodiodes on GaSb substrates grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. At 150 K, the 50% cut-off wavelength is 5.0 um, the dark current density is 3.3x10−4 A/cm2 under −20mV bias, and the peak responsivity is 1.76A/W corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 55% without anti-reflection coating. A specific detectivity of 1.2x1011cmHz1/2/W is achieved at 4.0 um under −20mV bias at 150 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  High brightness angled cavity quantum cascade lasers
D. Heydari, Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 106, 091105-- March 6, 2015 ...[Visit Journal]
A quantum cascade laser (QCL) with an output power of 203 W is demonstrated in pulsed mode at 283 K with an angled cavity. The device has a ridge width of 300 μm, a cavity length of 5.8 mm, and a tilt angle of 12°. The back facet is high reflection coated, and the front facet is anti-reflection coated. The emitting wavelength is around 4.8 μm. In distinct contrast to a straight cavity broad area QCL, the lateral far field is single lobed with a divergence angle of only 3°. An ultrahigh brightness value of 156 MW cm²·sr-1 is obtained, which marks the brightest QCL to date. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  Solar-Blind Deep UV Avalanche Photodetectors Using Reduced Area Epitaxy
Lakshay Gautam , Junhee Lee, Michael Richards, and Manijeh Razeghi ,
Lakshay Gautam, Manijeh Razeghi, IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 6, 10.1109/JQE.2023.3325254 ...[Visit Journal]
We report high gain avalanche photodetectors operating in the deep UV wavelength regime. The high gain was leveraged through reduced area epitaxy by patterning AlN on Sapphire substrate. This helps in a substantial reduction of crack formation due to overgrowth on individually isolated AlN mesas. Reproducible gain on the order of 105 was reported for multiple diodes in different areas of 320 × 256 focal plane array. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Avalanche Photodetector Based on InAs/InSb Superlattice
Arash Dehzangi, Jiakai Li, Lakshay Gautam and Manijeh Razeghi
Quantum rep. 2020, 2(4), 591-599; https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum2040041 (registering DOI)-- December 4, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
This work demonstrates a mid-wavelength infrared InAs/InSb superlattice avalanche photodiode (APD). The superlattice APD structure was grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaSb substrate. The device exhibits a 100 % cut-off wavelength of 4.6 µm at 150 K and 4.30 µm at 77 K. At 150 and 77 K, the device responsivity reaches peak values of 2.49 and 2.32 A/W at 3.75 µm under −1.0 V applied bias, respectively. The device reveals an electron dominated avalanching mechanism with a gain value of 6 at 150 K and 7.4 at 77 K which was observed under −6.5 V bias voltage. The gain value was measured at different temperatures and different diode sizes. The electron and hole impact ionization coefficients were calculated and compared to give a better prospect of the performance of the device. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  High power continuous wave operation of single mode quantum cascade lasers up to 5 W spanning λ∼3.8-8.3 µm
Quanyong Lu, Steven Slivken, Donghai Wu, and Manijeh Razeghi
Optics Express Vol. 28, Issue 10, pp. 15181-15188-- May 4, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
In this work, we report high power continuous wave room-temperature operation single mode quantum cascade lasers in the mid-infrared spectral range from 3.8 to 8.3 µm. Single mode robustness and dynamic range are enhanced by optimizing the distributed feedback grating coupling design and the facet coatings. High power single mode operation is secured by circumventing the over-coupling issue and spatial hole burning effect. Maximum single-facet continuous-wave output power of 5.1 W and wall plug efficiency of 16.6% is achieved at room temperature. Single mode operation with a side mode suppression ratio of 30 dB and single-lobed far field with negligible beam steering is observed. The significantly increased power for single mode emission will boost the QCL applications in long-range free-space communication and remote sensing of hazardous chemicals. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Type–II superlattices base visible/extended short–wavelength infrared photodetectors with a bandstructure–engineered photo–generated carrier extractor
Arash Dehzangi, Ryan McClintock, Abbas Haddadi, Donghai Wu, Romain Chevallier, Manijeh Razeghi
Scientific Reports volume 9, Article number: 5003 -- March 21, 2019 ...[Visit Journal]
Visible/extended short–wavelength infrared photodetectors with a bandstructure–engineered photo–generated carrier extractor based on type–II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices have been demonstrated. The photodetectors are designed to have a 100% cut-off wavelength of ~2.4 μm at 300K, with sensitivity down to visible wavelengths. The photodetectors exhibit room–temperature (300K) peak responsivity of 0.6 A/W at ~1.7 μm, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 43% at zero bias under front–side illumination, without any anti–reflection coating where the visible cut−on wavelength of the devices is <0.5 µm. With a dark current density of 5.3 × 10−4 A/cm² under −20 mV applied bias at 300K, the photodetectors exhibit a specific detectivity of 4.72 × 1010 cm·Hz½W-1. At 150K, the photodetectors exhibit a dark current density of 1.8 × 10−10 A/cm² and a quantum efficiency of 40%, resulting in a detectivity of 5.56 × 1013 cm·Hz½/W [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Room Temperature, Continuous Wave Quantum Cascade Laser Grown Directly on a Si Wafer
Steven Slivken and Manijeh Razeghi
S. Slivken and M. Razeghi,, Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 59, No. 4, doi: 10.1109/JQE.2023.3282710 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the room temperature demonstration of a high power, continuous wave, LWIR quantum cascade laser grown directly on a Si substrate. A new wafer, based on a high efficiency, strain-balanced laser core was processed into a lateral injection buried heterostructure laser geometry. A pulsed efficiency of 11.1% was demonstrated at room temperature, with an emission wavelength of 8.35 μm. With low fidelity, epilayer-up packaging, CW emission up to 343 K was also demonstrated, with a maximum output power of >0.7 W near room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  High speed type-II superlattice based photodetectors transferred on sapphire
Arash Dehzangi, Ryan McClintock, Donghai Wu, Jiakai Li, Stephen Johnson, Emily Dial and Manijeh Razeghi
Applied Physics Express, Volume 12, Number 11-- October 3, 2019 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the substrate transfer of InAs/GaSb/AlSb based type-II superlattice (T2SL) e-SWIR photodetector from native GaSb substrates to low loss sapphire substrate in order to enhance the frequency response of the device. We have demonstrated the damage-free transfer of T2SL-based thin-films to sapphire substrate using top–down processing and a chemical epilayer release technique. After transfer the −3 dB cut-off frequency increased from 6.4 GHz to 17.2 GHz, for 8 μm diameter circular mesas under -15 V applied bias. We also investigated the cut-off frequency verses applied bias and lateral scaling to assess the limitations for even higher frequency performance. Direct Link [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Recent advances in antimonide-based gap-engineered Type-II superlattices material system for 2 and 3 colors infrared imagers
Manijeh. Razeghi, Abbas Haddadi, Arash Dehzangi, Romain Chevallier, and Thomas Yang
Proceedings of SPIE 10177, Infrared Technology and Applications XLIII, 1017705-- May 9, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx type-II superlattices (T2SLs) is a system of multi-interacting quantum wells. Since its introduction, this material system has drawn a lot of attention especially for infrared detection. In recent years, InAs/InAs1- xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx T2SL material system has experienced incredible improvements in material quality, device structure designs and device fabrication process which elevated the performances of T2SL-based photodetectors to a comparable level to the state-of-the-art material systems for infrared detection such as Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT). In this paper, we will present the current status of InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx T2SL-based photodetectors for detection in different infrared regions, from short-wavelength (SWIR) to long-wavelength (LWIR) infrared, and the future outlook of this material system. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Surface leakage investigation via gated type-II InAs/GaSb long-wavelength infrared photodetectors
G. Chen, E.K. Huang, A.M. Hoang, S. Bogdanov, S.R. Darvish, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 101, No. 21, p. 213501-1-- November 19, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
By using gating technique, surface leakage generated by SiO2 passivation in long-wavelength infrared type-II superlattice photodetector is suppressed, and different surface leakage mechanisms are disclosed. By reducing the SiO2 passivation layer thickness, the saturated gated bias is reduced to −4.5 V. At 77 K, dark current densities of gated devices are reduced by more than 2 orders of magnitude, with 3071 Ω·cm² differential-resistance-area product at −100 mV. With quantum efficiency of 50%, the 11 μm 50% cut-off gated photodiode has a specific detectivity of 7 × 1011 Jones, and the detectivity stays above 2 × 1011 Jones from 0 to −500 mV operation bias. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Background limited performance of long wavelength infrared focal plane arrays fabricated from M-structure InAs-GaSb superlattices
P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, E.K. Huang, and M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 45, No. 2, p. 157-162.-- February 1, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
The recent introduction of a M-structure design improved both the dark current and R0A performances of Type-II InAs-GaSb photodiodes. A focal plane array fabricated with this design was characterized at 81 K. The dark current of individual pixels was measured between 1.1 and 1.6 nA, 7 times lower than previous superlattice FPAs. This led to a higher dynamic range and longer integration times. The quantum efficiency of detectors without antireflective coating was 74%. The noise equivalent temperature difference reached 23 mK, limited only by the performance of the testing system and the read out integrated circuit. Background limited performances were demonstrated at 81 K for a 300 K background. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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