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| 16. | Ridge-Width Dependence on High-Temperature Continuous-Wave Quantum-Cascade Laser Operation S. Slivken, J.S. Yu, A. Evans, L. Doris, J. David, and M. Razeghi IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 16 (3)-- March 1, 2004 ...[Visit Journal] We report continuous-wave (CW) operation of quantum-cascade lasers (λ=6 μm) up to a temperature of 313 K (40°C). The maximum CW optical output powers range from 212 mW at 288 K to 22 mW at 313 K and are achieved with threshold current densities of 2.21 and 3.11 kA/cm2, respectively, for a high-reflectivity-coated 12-μm-wide and 2-mm-long laser. At room temperature (298 K), the power output is 145 mW at 0.87 A, corresponding to a power conversion efficiency of 1.68%. The maximum CW operating temperature of double-channel ridge waveguide lasers mounted epilayer-up on copper heatsinks is analyzed in terms of the ridge width, which is varied between 12 and 40 μm. A clear trend of improved performance is observed as the ridge narrows. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | GaInAs/InP nanopillar arrays for long wavelength infrared detection A. Gin, Y. Wei, A. Hood, D. Hoffman, M. Razeghi and G.J. Brown SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5732, pp. 350-- January 22, 2005 ...[Visit Journal] Nanopillar devices have been fabricated from GaInAs/InP QWIP material grown by MOCVD. Using electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching techniques, large, regular arrays of nanopillars with controllable diameters ranging from 150 nm to less than 40 nm have been reproducibly formed. Photoluminescence experiments demonstrate a strong peak wavelength blue shift for nanopillar structures compared to the as-grown quantum well material. Top and bottom metal contacts have been realized using a polyimide planarization and etchback procedure. I-V and noise measurements have been performed. Optical measurements indicate photoconductive response in selected nanopillar arrays. Device peak wavelength response occurs at about 8 µm with peak device responsivity of 420 mA/W. Peak detectivity of 3×108 cm·Hz½/W has been achieved at -1V bias and 30 K. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Mid-wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistors based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices A. Haddadi, S. Adhikary, A. Dehzangi, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters 109, 021107-- July 12, 2016 ...[Visit Journal] A mid-wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistor based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices on GaSb substrate has been demonstrated. Near a wavelength of 4 μm saturated optical gains of 668 and 639 at 77 and 150 K, respectively, are demonstrated over a wide dynamic range. At 150 K, the unity optical gain collector dark current density and DC current gain are 1 × 10−3 A/cm² and 3710, respectively. This demonstrates the potential for use in high-speed applications. In addition, the phototransistor exhibits a specific detectivity value that is four times higher compared with a state-of-the-art type-II superlattice-based photodiode with a similar cut-off wavelength at 150 K. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | State-of-the-art Type II Antimonide-based superlattice photodiodes for infrared detection and imaging M. Razeghi, B.M. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay, E.K. Huang, S. Abdollahi Pour, P. Manurkar, and S. Bogdanov SPIE Proceedings, Nanophotonics and Macrophotonics for Space Environments II, San Diego, CA, Vol. 7467, p. 74670T-1-- August 5, 2009 ...[Visit Journal] Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattice (SL), a system of multi interacting quantum wells was first introduced by Nobel Laureate L. Esaki in the 1970s. Since then, this low dimensional system has drawn a lot of attention for its attractive quantum mechanics properties and its grand potential for the emergence into the application world, especially in infrared detection. In recent years, Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photo-detectors have experienced significant improvements in material quality, structural designs and imaging applications which elevated the performances of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors to a comparable level to the state-of-the-art Mercury Cadmium Telluride. We will present in this talk the current status of the state-of-the-art Type II superlattice photodetectors and focal plane arrays, and the future outlook for this material system. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Splitting of the Landau Level Coincidence: A Novel Phase Transition in Tilted Magnetic Fields Razeghi M., S. Koch, R.J. Hang, K.V. Klitzing Phys Rev B 47 (7), 4048 (1993)-- January 1, 1993 ...[Visit Journal] Magnetotransport studies of GaxIn1-xAs/InP heterostructures in strong parallel magnetic fields at mK temperatures reveal a suppression of the coincidence of two Landau levels with opposite spin at filling factor 2. This phenomenon is explained by the occurrence of a phase transition from a spin-unpolarized state (at small tilt angles) to a spin-polarized state (at large tilt angles). [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Room Temperature Operation of InTlSb Infrared Photodetectors on GaAs J.D. Kim, E. Michel, S. Park, J. Xu, S. Javadpour and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters 69 (3)-- August 15, 1996 ...[Visit Journal] Long-wavelength InTlSb photodetectors operating at room temperature are reported. The photo- detectors were grown on (100) semi-insulating GaAs substrates by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Photoresponse of InTlSb photodetectors is observed up to 11 µm at room temperature. The maximum responsivity of an In0.96Tl0.04Sb photodetector is about 6.64 V/W at 77 K, corresponding to a detectivity of about 7.64 × 108 cm·Hz½/W. The carrier lifetime in InTlSb photodetectors derived from the stationary photoconductivity is 10–50 ns at 77 K. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors: Comparison Experiment and Theory H. Lim, W. Zhang, S. Tsao, T. Sills, J. Szafraniec, K. Mi, B. Movaghar, and M. Razeghi Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology 12 (9)-- August 29, 2005 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Reliability of strain-balanced Ga0.331In0.669As/Al0.659In0.341As/InP quantum-cascade lasers under continuous-wave room-temperature operation A. Evans and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, 88 (26)-- June 26, 2006 ...[Visit Journal] Constant current aging is reported for two randomly selected high-reflectivity-coated QCLs with an output power over 100 mW. QCLs are tested under continuous-wave operation at a heat sink temperature of 298 K(25 °C) corresponding to an internal temperature of 378 K (105 °C). Over 4000 h of continuous testing is reported without any decrease in output power. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Background limited performance of long wavelength infrared focal plane arrays fabricated from type-II InAs/GaSb M-structure superlattice P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen and M. Razeghi SPIE Porceedings, Vol. 7298, Orlando, FL 2009, p. 72981Q-- April 13, 2009 ...[Visit Journal] Recent advances in growth techniques, structure design and processing have lifted the performance of
Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors. The introduction of a M-structure design improved both the dark current and R0A of Type-II photodiodes. This new structure combined with a thick absorbing region demonstrated background limited performance at 77K for a 300K background and a 2-π field of view. A focal plane array with a 9.6 μm 50% cutoff wavelength was fabricated with this design and characterized at 80K. The dark current of individual pixels was measured around 1.3 nA, 7 times lower than previous superlattice FPAs. This led to a higher dynamic range and longer integration times. The quantum efficiency
of detectors without anti-reflective coating was 72%. The noise equivalent temperature difference reached 23 mK. The deposition of an anti-reflective coating improved the NEDT to 20 mK and the quantum
efficiency to 89%. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Highly temperature insensitive quantum cascade lasers Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Tsao, E. Selcuk, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 97, No. 25-- December 20, 2010 ...[Visit Journal] An InP based quantum cascade laser (QCL) heterostructure emitting around 5 μm is grown with gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The QCL core design takes a shallow-well approach to maximize the characteristic temperatures, T(0) and T(1), for operations above room temperature. A T(0) value of 383 K and a T(1) value of 645 K are obtained within a temperature range of 298–373 K. In room temperature continuous wave operation, this design gives a single facet output power of 3 W and a wall plug efficiency of 16% from a device with a cavity length of 5 mm and a ridge width of 8 μm. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Fabrication of Indium Bumps for Hybrid Infrared Focal Plane Array Applications J. Jiang, S. Tsao, T. O'Sullivan, M. Razeghi, and G.J. Brown Infrared Physics and Technology, 45 (2)-- March 1, 2004 ...[Visit Journal] Hybrid infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs) have found many applications. In hybrid IR FPAs, FPA and Si read out integrated circuits (ROICs) are bonded together with indium bumps by flip-chip bonding. Taller and higher uniformity indium bumps are always being pursued in FPA fabrication. In this paper, two indium bump fabrication processes based on evaporation and electroplating techniques are developed. Issues related to each fabrication technique are addressed in detail. The evaporation technique is based on a unique positive lithography process. The electroplating method achieves taller indium bumps with a high aspect ratio by a unique “multi-stack” technique. This technique could potentially benefit the fabrication of multi-color FPAs. Finally, a proposed low-cost indium bump fabrication technique, the “bump transfer”, is given as a future technology for hybrid IR FPA fabrication. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Long-Wavelength InAsSb Photoconductors Operated at Near Room Temperatures (200-300 K) J.D. Kim, D. Wu, J. Wojkowski, J. Piotrowski, J. Xu, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters., 68 (1),-- January 1, 1996 ...[Visit Journal] Long-wavelength InAs1−xSbx photoconductors operated without cryogenic cooling are reported. The devices are based on p-InAs1−xSbx/p-InSb heterostructures grown on (100) semi-insulating GaAs substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (LP‐MOCVD). Photoreponse up to 14 μm has been obtained in a sample with x=0.77 at 300 K, which is in good agreement with the measured infrared absorption spectra. The corresponding effective lifetime of ≊0.14 ns at 300 K has been derived from stationary photoconductivity. The Johnson noise limited detectivity at λ=10.6 μm is estimated to be about 3.27×107 cm· Hz½/W at 300 K. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | LEO of III-Nitride on Al2O3 and Si Substrates M. Razeghi, P. Kung, P. Sandvik, K. Mi, X. Zhang, V.P. Dravid, J. Freitas, and A. Saxler SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 26, 2000 ...[Visit Journal] Lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) has recently become the method of choice to reduce the density of dislocations in heteroepitaxial GaN thin films, and is thus expected to lead to enhanced performance devices. We present here the LEO growth and characterization of GaN films by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Various substrates were used, including basal plane sapphire and oriented Si substrates. The steps in the LEO growth technology will be briefly reviewed. The characterization results will be discussed in detail. The structural, electrical and optical properties of the films were assessed through scanning, atomic and transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, capacitance-voltage, deep level transient spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and scanning cathodoluminenscence measurements. Single-step and double- step LEO GaN was achieved on sapphire. Similarly high quality LEO grown GaN films were obtained on sapphire and silicon substrates. Clear and dramatic reduction in the density of defects are observed in LEO grown materials using the various characterization techniques mentioned previously. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Optical losses of Al-free lasers for λ = 0.808 and 0.98 μm H. Yi, J. Diaz, B. Lane, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters 69 (20)-- November 11, 1996 ...[Visit Journal] In this work, we study the origin of the optical losses in Al‐free InGaAsP/GaAs (λ=0.808 μm) and InGaAs/GaAs/InGaP (λ=0.980 μm) lasers. Theoretical modeling and the experimental results indicate that the scattering of the laser beam by refractive index fluctuation in the alloys is the dominant loss in our lasers, and the loss due to the free‐carrier absorption and scattering by interface roughness are negligible. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | QEPAS based ppb-level detection of CO and N2O using a high power CW DFB-QCL Y. Ma, R. Lewicki, M. Razeghi and F. Tittel Optics Express, Vol. 21, No. 1, p. 1008-- January 14, 2013 ...[Visit Journal] An ultra-sensitive and selective quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor platform was demonstrated for detection of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrous oxide (N2O). This sensor used a stateof-the art 4.61 μm high power, continuous wave (CW), distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) operating at 10°C as the excitation source. For the R(6) CO absorption line, located at 2169.2 cm−1, a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 1.5 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) at atmospheric pressure was achieved with a 1 sec acquisition time and the addition of 2.6% water vapor concentration in the analyzed gas mixture. For the N2O detection, a MDL of 23 ppbv was obtained at an optimum gas pressure of 100 Torr and with the same water vapor content of 2.6%. In both cases the presence of water vapor increases the detected CO and N2O QEPAS signal levels as a result of enhancing the vibrational-translational relaxation rate of both target gases. Allan deviation analyses were performed to investigate the long term performance of the CO and N2O QEPAS sensor systems. For the optimum data acquisition time of 500 sec a MDL of 340 pptv and 4 ppbv was obtained for CO and N2O detection,respectively. To demonstrate reliable and robust operation of the QEPAS sensor a continuous monitoring of atmospheric CO and N2O concentration levels for a period of 5 hours were performed. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Type-II InAs/GaSb photodiodes and focal plane arrays aimed at high operating temperatures M. Razeghi, S. Abdollahi Pour, E.K. Huang, G. Chen, A. Haddadi, and B.M. Nguyen Opto-Electronics Review (OER), Vol. 19, No. 3, June 2011, p. 46-54-- June 1, 2011 ...[Visit Journal] Recent efforts to improve the performance of type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes and focal plane arrays (FPA) have been reviewed. The theoretical bandstructure models have been discussed first. A review of recent developments in growth and characterization techniques is given. The efforts to improve the performance of MWIR photodiodes and focal plane arrays (FPAs) have been reviewed and the latest results have been reported. It is shown that these improvements has resulted in
background limited performance (BLIP) of single element photodiodes up to 180 K. FPA shows a constant noise equivalent temperature difference (NEDT) of 11 mK up to 120 K and it shows human body imaging up to 170 K. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Very High Average Power at Room Temperature from λ ~ 5.9 μm Quantum Cascade Lasers J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, J. David and M. Razeghi Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology 26-- May 26, 2003 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | High-performance, continuous-wave operation of λ ~ 4.6 μm quantum-cascade lasers above room temperature J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans and M. Razeghi IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 44, No. 8, p. 747-754-- August 1, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] We report the high-performance continuous-wave (CW) operation of 10-μm-wide quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) emitting at λ ~ 4.6 μm, based on the GaInAs–AlInAs material without regrowth, in epilayer-up and -down bonding configurations. The operational characteristics of QCLs such as the maximum average power, peak output power, CW output power, and maximum CW operating temperature are investigated, depending on cavity length. Also, important device parameters, i.e., the waveguide loss, the transparency current density, the modal gain, and the internal quantum efficiency, are calculated from length-dependent results. For a high-reflectivity (HR) coated 4-mm-long cavity with epilayer-up bonding, the highest maximum average output power of 633 mW is measured at 65% duty cycle, with 469 mW still observed at 100%. The laser exhibits the maximum wall-plug efficiencies of 8.6% and 3.1% at 298 K, in pulsed and CW operatons, respectively. From 298 to 393 K, the temperature dependent threshold current density in pulsed operation shows a high characteristic temperature of 200 K. The use of an epilayer-down bonding further improves the device performance. A CW output power of 685 mW at 288 K is achieved for the 4-micron-long cavity. At 298 K, the output power of 590 mW, threshold current density of 1.52 kA / cm2, and maximum wall-plug efficiency of 3.73% are obtained under CW mode, operating up to 363 K (90 °C). For HR coated 3-micron-long cavities, laser characteristics across the same processed wafer show a good uniformity across the area of 2 x 1 cm2, giving similar output powers, threshold current densities, and emission wavelengths. The CW beam full-width at half-maximum of far-field patterns are 25 degree and 46 degree for the parallel and the perpendicular directions, respectively. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | High quality LEO growth and characterization of GaN films on Al2O3 and Si substrates M. Razeghi, P. Kung, D. Walker, M. Hamilton, and J. Diaz SPIE International Conference on Solid State Crystals, Zakopane, Poland; Proceedings 3725-- October 12, 1998 ...[Visit Journal] We report the lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) of GaN films on (00.1) Al2O3 and (111) Si substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The LEO on Si substrates was possible after achieving quasi monocrystalline GaN template films on (111) Si substrates. X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to assess the quality of the LEO films. Lateral growth rates more than 5 times as high as vertical growth rates were achieved for both LEO growths of GaN on sapphire and silicon substrates. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Electrically pumped photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers Y. Bai, P. Sung, S.R. Darvish, W. Zhang, A. Evans, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi SPIE Conference, January 20-25, 2008, San Jose, CA Proceedings – Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices V, Vol. 6900, p. 69000A-1-8.-- February 1, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] We demonstrate electrically pumped, room temperature, single mode operation of photonic crystal distributed feedback (PCDFB) quantum cascade lasers emitting at ~ 4.75 µm. Ridge waveguides of 50 µm and 100 µm width were fabricated with both PCDFB and Fabry-Perot feedback mechanisms. The Fabry-Perot device has a broad emitting spectrum and a broad far-field character. The PCDFB devices have primarily a single spectral mode and a diffraction limited far field characteristic with a full angular width at half-maximum of 4.8 degrees and 2.4 degrees for the 50 µm and 100 µm ridge widths, respectively.
[reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Room temperature continuous wave THz frequency comb based on quantum cascade lasers M. Razeghi; Q. Y. Lu; F. H. Wang; D. H. Wu; S. Slivken Proc. SPIE 11124, Terahertz Emitters, Receivers, and Applications X, 1112407-- September 6, 2019 ...[Visit Journal] Frequency combs, spectra of phase-coherent equidistant lines, have revolutionized time and frequency metrology. The recently developed quantum cascade laser (QCL) comb has exhibits great potential with high power and broadband spectrum. However, in the terahertz (THz) range, cryogenic cooling has to be applied for THz QCL combs. We report a room temperature THz frequency comb at 3.0 THz based on difference-frequency generation from a mid-IR QCL comb. A largely detuned distributed-feedback grating is integrated into the QCL cavity to provide the single mode operation as well as enhanced spatial hole-burning effect for multimode comb operation. Multiheterodyne spectroscopy with multiple equally spaced lines by beating it with a reference Fabry-Pérot comb confirms the THz comb operation. This type of THz comb provides a new solution to chip-based high-speed high-resolution THz spectroscopy with compact size at room temperature. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Concentration gradient at an InP/GaAs interface determined by Auger analysis on a chemical bevel J. Cazaux; P. Etienne; M. Razeghi J. Cazaux, P. Etienne, M. Razeghi; Concentration gradient at an InP/GaAs interface determined by Auger analysis on a chemical bevel. J. Appl. Phys. 15 May 1986; 59 (10): 3598–3601-- June 15, 1986 ...[Visit Journal] Experimental results of Auger profiles obtained on a chemical bevel of an InP/GaAs structure are reported. A theoretical procedure is established to convert the intensity profile into concentration profiles. It is applied to evaluate the concentration distribution of each species–Ga, In, As, P–independently of each others with a precision of ±5%. It is verified that the composition of the interface is GaxIn1−xAsyP1−y (0≤x, y≤1). Owing to differences between the atomic diffusions of III‐ and V‐type elements, the transition region can be subdivided into three regions having the following compositions: (i) GaAsyP1−y with 0.87≤y≤1; (ii) GaxIn1−xAsyP1−y with 0≤y≤0.87 and 0.24≤x<1; (iii) PGaxIn1−x with x<0.24. The width of each region is also indicated. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Hybrid green LEDs with n-type ZnO substituted for N-type GaN in an inverted P-N junction F. Hosseini Teherani; M. Razeghi; D.J. Rogers; Can Bayram; R. McClintock LEOS Annual Meeting Conference Proceedings, LEOS '09. IEEE, [5343231] (2009) -- October 4, 2009 ...[Visit Journal] Recently, the GaN and ZnO materials systems have attracted considerable attention because of their use in a broad range of emerging applications including light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cells. GaN and ZnO are similar materials with direct wide bandgaps, wurtzite crystal structure, high thermal stability and comparable thermal expansion coefficients, which makes them well suited for heterojunction fabrication. Two important advantages of GaN over ZnO are the reliable p-type doping and the mature know-how for bandgap engineering. Thus GaN-based LEDs can be made to emit from the deep UV right into the green through alloying with Al and In, respectively. The performance is not identical at all wavelengths, however, and the performance of InGaN-based green LEDs is still relatively poor. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Persistent photoconductivity in Ga0.49In0.51P/GaAs heterojunctions S. Ben Amor; L. Dmowski; J. C. Portal; N. J. Pulsford; R. J. Nicholas; J. Singleton; M. Razeghi J. Appl. Phys. 65, 2756–2760 (1989-- November 18, 1988 ...[Visit Journal] We have studied the persistent photoconductivity (PPC) effect in Ga0.49 Ino.
sl P IGaAs
heterostructures. Through time- and temperature-dependent Hall effect, we observe very small
relaxation rates and the PPC remains observable at room temperature. Optical experiments
show an optical energy threshold of 1.15 e V and an infrared quenching of the ppc. Thermal
cycling of the samples strongly affects the PPC and the quenching temperature. The center
responsible for the observed PPC, therefore, appears related to defects, Most of our
observations are qualitatively understood in a large lattice relaxation DX-like center approach.
However, the origin of the high quenching temperature remains to be explained. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 16. | Chemical lift-off and direct wafer bonding of GaN/InGaN P-I-N structures grown on ZnO K. Pantzas, D.J. Rogers, P. Bove, V.E. Sandana, F.H. Teherani, Y. El Gmili, M. Molinari, G. Patriarche, L. Largeau, O. Mauguin, S. Suresh, P.L. Voss, M. Razeghi, A. Ougazzaden Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 435, Pages 105-109-- November 7, 2015 ...[Visit Journal] p-GaN/i-InGaN/n-GaN (PIN) structures were grown epitaxially on ZnO-buffered c-sapphire substrates by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy using the industry
standard ammonia precursor for nitrogen. Scanning electron microscopy revealed continuous layers with a smooth interface between GaN and ZnO and no evidence of ZnO back-etching. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy revealed a peak indium content of just under 5at% in the active layers. The PIN structure was lifted off the sapphire by selectively etching away the ZnO buffer in an acid and then direct bonded onto a glass substrate. Detailed high resolution transmission electron microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the structural quality of the PIN structures was preserved during the transfer process. [reprint (PDF)] |
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