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15.  Radiometric characterization of long-wavelength infrared type II strained layer superlattice focal plane array under low-photon irradiance conditions
J. Hubbs, V. Nathan, M. Tidrow, and M. Razeghi
Optical Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 6, p. 064002-1-- June 15, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
We present the results of the radiometric characterization of an “M” structure long wavelength infrared Type-II strained layer superlattice(SLS) infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) developed by Northwestern University (NWU). The performance of the M-structure SLS IRFPA was radiometrically characterized as a function of photon irradiance, integration time, operating temperature, and detector bias. Its performance is described using standard figures of merit: responsivity, noise, and noise equivalent irradiance. Assuming background limited performance operation at higher irradiances, the detector quantum efficiency for the SLS detector array is approximately 57%. The detector dark density at 80 K is 142 μA∕cm², which represents a factor of seven reduction from previously measured devices. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Characterization of InTlSb/InSb Grown by Low Pressure Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition on GaAs Substrat
Y.H. Choi, P. Staveteig, E. Bigan, and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics 75 (6)-- March 15, 1994 ...[Visit Journal]
Optical properties of InTlSb, a new long wavelength infrared material, are investigated. InTlSb/InSb epilayers grown by low‐pressure metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition on semi‐insulating GaAs substrates were characterized using Auger electron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Auger electron spectra confirm the presence of thallium. Transmission measurements at 77 K indicate an absorption shift from 5.5 μm for InSb up to 8 μm for InTlSb that is confirmed by photoconductivity measurements. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Very High Average Power at Room Temperature from λ ~ 5.9 μm Quantum Cascade Lasers
J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, J. David and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 82 (20)-- May 19, 2003 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a very high average output power at room temperature for quantum-cascade lasers emitting at λ ~ 5.9 µm. For high-reflectivity-coated 2-mm-long cavities, a low threshold current density of 1.7 kA/cm2 was obtained at room temperature. From 300 to 400 K, the characteristic temperature (T0) was 198 K. A maximum average output power of 0.67 W was achieved. In addition, 0.56 W average output power was observed at a duty cycle of 56%. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  High performance quantum cascade lasers (~11 μm) operating at high temperature (T>= 425K)
A. Tahraoui, A. Matlis, S. Slivken, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 78 (4)-- January 22, 2001 ...[Visit Journal]
We report record-low threshold current density and high output power for λ ∼ 11 μm Al0.48In0.52As/Ga0.47In0.53As quantum cascade lasers operating up to 425 K. The threshold current density is 1.1, 3.83, and 7.08 kA/cm² at 80, 300, and 425 K, respectively, for 5 μs pulses at a 200 Hz repetition rate. The cavity length is 3 mm with a stripe width of 20 μm. The maximum peak output power per facet is 1 W at 80 K, 0.5 W at 300 K, and more than 75 mW at 425 K. The characteristic temperature of these lasers is 174 K between 80 and 300 K and 218 K in the range of 300–425 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  III-Nitride/Ga2O3 heterostructure for future power electronics: opportunity and challenges
Nirajman Shrestha, Jun Hee Lee, F. H. Teherani, Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 12895, Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XX, 128950B (28 January - 1 February 2024, San Francisco)http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3011688 ...[Visit Journal]
Ga2O3 has become the new focal point of high-power semiconductor device research due to its superior capability to handle high voltages in smaller dimensions and with higher efficiencies compared to other commercialized semiconductors. However, the low thermal conductivity of the material is expected to limit device performance. To compensate for the low thermal conductivity of Ga2O3 and to achieve a very high density 2-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), an innovative idea is to combine Ga2O3 with III-Nitrides (which have higher thermal conductivity), such as AlN. However, metal-polar AlN/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction provides type-II heterojunction which are beneficial for optoelectronic application, because of the negative value of specific charge density. On the other hand, N-polar AlN/β- Ga2O3 heterostructures provide higher 2DEG concentration and larger breakdown voltage compared to conventional AlGaN/GaN devices. This advancement would allow the demonstration of RF power transistors with a 10x increase in power density compared to today’s State of the Art (SoA) and provide a solution to size, weight, and power-constrained applications [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Performance characteristics of high-purity mid-wave and long-wave infrared type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes
A. Hood, M. Razeghi, V. Nathan and M.Z. Tidrow
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, Vol. 6127, pp. 61270U-- January 23, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
The authors report on recent advances in the development of mid-, long-, and very long-wavelength infrared (MWIR, LWIR, and VLWIR) Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes. The residual carrier background of binary Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes of cut-off wavelengths around 5 µm has been studied in the temperature range between 10 and 200 K. A four-point, capacitance-voltage technique on mid-wavelength and long-wavelength Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes reveal residual background concentrations around 5×1014 cm-3. Additionally, recent progress towards LWIR photodiodes for focal plane array imaging applications is presented. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Growth of In1-xTlxSb, a New Infrared Material, by Low-Pressure Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Y.H. Choi, R. Sudharsanan, C, Besikci, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 63 (3)-- July 19, 1993 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the growth of In1-xTlxSb, a new III-V alloy for long-wavelength infrared detector applications, by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. In1-xTlxSb with good surface morphology was obtained on both GaAs and InSb substrates at a growth temperature of 455 °C. X-ray diffraction measurements showed resolved peaks of In1-xTlxSb and InSb films. Infrared absorption spectrum of In1-xTlxSb showed a shift toward lower energies compared to InSb spectrum. Hall mobility data on In1-xTlxSb/InSb/GaAs structure showed enhanced mobility at low temperatures compared to InSb/GaAs structure. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers with high wall plug efficiency
Y. Bai, B. Gokden, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish, S.A. Pour, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Jose, CA Volume 7222-0O-- January 26, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate optimization of continuous wave (cw) operation of 4.6 µm quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). A 19.7 µm by 5 mm, double channel processed device exhibits 33% cw WPE at 80 K. Room temperature cw WPE as high as 12.5% is obtained from a 10.6 µm by 4.8 mm device, epilayer-down bonded on a diamond submount. With the semi-insulating regrowth in a buried ridge geometry, 15% WPE is obtained with 2.8 W total output power in cw mode at room temperature. This accomplishment is achieved by systematically decreasing the parasitic voltage drop, reducing the waveguide loss and improving the thermal management. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  High-Performance InP-Based Mid-IR Quantum Cascade Lasers
M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 3, May-June 2009, p. 941-951.-- June 5, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) were once considered as inefficient devices, as the wall-plug efficiency (WPE) was merely a few percent at room temperature. But this situation has changed in the past few years, as dramatic enhancements to the output power andWPE have been made for InP-based mid-IR QCLs. Room temperature continuous-wave (CW) output power as high as 2.8 W and WPE as high as 15% have now been demonstrated for individual devices. Along with the fundamental exploration of refining the design and improving the material quality, a consistent determination of important device performance parameters allows for strategically addressing each component that can be improved potentially. In this paper, we present quantitative experimental evidence backing up the strategies we have adopted to improve the WPE for QCLs with room temperature CW operation. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Ga/sub 0.51/In/sub 0.49/P/GaAs HEMT's exhibiting good electrical performance at cryogenic temperatures
Y.-J. Chan; D. Pavlidis; M. Razeghi; F. Omnes
IEEE TRANS. ELEC.DEVICES. 77. IO. 1990-- October 1, 1990 ...[Visit Journal]
The DC and microwave characteristics of Ga/sub 0.51/In/sub 0.49/P/GaAs HEMTs grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are presented. Devices with 1- mu m-long gates show transconductances of 163 and 213 mS/mm at 300 and 77 K, respectively. Their maximum cutoff frequency is 17.8 GHz. Deep traps in the doped layer are evaluated at low temperature by the threshold voltage shift and current collapse phenomena. GaInP/GaAs HEMTs show no current collapse and have almost zero threshold voltage shift compared to AlGaAs/GaAs and InAlAs/InGaAs where the corresponding values are 0.5 and 0.25 V, respectively. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Back-illuminated separate absorption and multiplication GaN avalanche photodiodes
J.L. Pau, C. Bayram, R. McClintock, M. Razeghi and D. Silversmith
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 92, No. 10, p. 101120-1-- March 10, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
The performance of back-illuminated avalanche photodiodes with separate absorption and multiplication regions is presented. Devices with an active area of 225 µm2 show a maximum multiplication gain of 41,200. The calculation of the noise equivalent power yields a minimum value of 3.3×10−14 W·Hz−1/2 at a gain of 3000, increasing to 2.0×10−13 W·Hz−1/2 at a gain of 41,200. The broadening of the response edge has been analyzed as a function of bias. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Effect of contact doping on superlattice-based minority carrier unipolar detectors
B.M. Nguyen, G. Chen, A.M. Hoang, S. Abdollahi Pour, S. Bogdanov, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 99, No. 3, p. 033501-1-- July 18, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the influence of the contact doping profile on the performance of superlattice-based minority carrier unipolar devices for mid-wave infrared detection. Unlike in a photodiode, the space charge in the p-contact of a pMp unipolar device is formed with accumulated mobile carriers, resulting in higher dark current in the device with highly doped p-contact. By reducing the doping concentration in the contact layer, the dark current is decreased by one order of magnitude. At 150 K, 4.9 μm cut-off devices exhibit a dark current of 2 × 10−5A/cm² and a quantum efficiency of 44%. The resulting specific detectivity is 6.2 × 1011 cm·Hz1/2/W at 150 K and exceeds 1.9 × 1014 cm·Hz1/2/W at 77 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  8.5 μm Room Temperature Quantum Cascade Lasers Grown by Gas-Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy
S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 28, 1998 ...[Visit Journal]
We report room-temperature pulsed-mode operation of 8.5 μm quantum cascade lasers grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The theory necessary to understand the operation of the laser is presented and current problems are analyzed. Very good agreement is shown to exist between theoretical and experimental emission wavelengths. The high- temperature operation is achieved with 1 μs pulses at a repetition rate of 200 Hz. Peak output power in these conditions is in excess of 700 mW per 2 facets at 79 K and 25 mW at 300 K. Threshold current as a function of temperature shows an exponential dependence with T0 equals 188 K for a 1.5 mm cavity. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Solar-Blind Deep UV Avalanche Photodetectors Using Reduced Area Epitaxy
Lakshay Gautam , Junhee Lee, Michael Richards, and Manijeh Razeghi ,
Lakshay Gautam, Manijeh Razeghi, IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 6, 10.1109/JQE.2023.3325254 ...[Visit Journal]
We report high gain avalanche photodetectors operating in the deep UV wavelength regime. The high gain was leveraged through reduced area epitaxy by patterning AlN on Sapphire substrate. This helps in a substantial reduction of crack formation due to overgrowth on individually isolated AlN mesas. Reproducible gain on the order of 105 was reported for multiple diodes in different areas of 320 × 256 focal plane array. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Characterization of high quality GaInP/GaAs superlattices grown on GaAs and Si substrates by gas source molecular beam epitaxy
C. Jelen, S. Slivken, X.G. He, and M. Razeghi and S. Shastry
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B 12 (2)-- March 1, 1994 ...[Visit Journal]
We report an analysis of the heteroepitaxial interfaces in high quality GaInP–GaAs superlattices grown simultaneously on GaAs and Si substrates by gas source molecular beam epitaxy. These two superlattices have been studied using high resolution x-ray diffraction measurements. Sharp superlattice satellites, with very little broadening, are observed within a 6° range for the sample on GaAs. Photoluminescence peaks with full widths at half-maximums of 5 and 7 meV are obtained at 4 K for samples with 58 Å wells on GaAs and Si, respectively. Room temperature exciton absorption is observed in the photovoltage measurements for a superlattice grown on Si substrate. The thicknesses determined by x-ray analysis are consistent with those obtained by a Kronig–Penny model fitting of the photovoltage spectroscopy. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Comparison of chemical and laser lift-off for the transfer of InGaN-based p-i-n junctions from sapphire to glass substrates
D. J. Rogers ; P. Bove ; F. Hosseini Teherani ; K. Pantzas ; T. Moudakir ; G. Orsal ; G. Patriarche ; S. Gautier ; A. Ougazzaden ; V. E. Sandana ; R. McClintock ; M. Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 8626, Oxide-based Materials and Devices IV, 862611 (March 18, 2013)-- March 18, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
InGaN-based p-i-n structures were transferred from sapphire to soda-lime glass substrates using two approaches: (1) laser-lift-off (LLO) and thermo-metallic bonding and (2) chemical lift-off (LLO) by means sacrificial ZnO templates and direct wafer bonding. Both processes were found to function at RT and allow reclaim of the expensive single crystal substrate. Both approaches have also already been demonstrated to work for the wafer-scale transfer of III/V semiconductors. Compared with the industry-standard LLO, the CLO offers the added advantages of a lattice match to InGaN with higher indium contents, no need for an interfacial adhesive layer (which facilitates electrical, optical and thermal coupling), no damaged/contaminated GaN surface layer, simplified sapphire reclaim (GaN residue after LLO may complicate reclaim) and cost savings linked to elimination of the expensive LLO process. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  High-Performance Focal Plane Arrays Based on InAs-GaSb Superlattices with a 10-micron Cutoff Wavelegth
P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman and M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 44, No. 5, p. 462-467-- May 1, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the demonstration of a focal plane array based on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices grown on N-type GaSb substrate with a 50%-cutoff wavelength at 10 μm. The surface leakage occurring after flip-chip bonding and underfill in the Type-II devices was suppressed using a double heterostructure design. The R0A of diodes passivated with SiO2 was 23 Ω·cm2 after underfill. A focal plane array hybridized to an Indigo readout integrated circuit demonstrated a noise equivalent temperature difference of 33 mK at 81 K, with an integration time of 0.23 ms. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  High Detectivity InAs Quantum-Dot Infrared Photodetectors Grown on InP by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
W. Zhang, H. Lim, M. Taguchi, S. Tsao, B. Movaghar, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 86 (19)-- May 9, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a high-detectivity InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetector. The InAs quantum dots were grown by self-assembly on InP substrates via low-pressure metal–organic chemical–vapor deposition. Highly uniform quantum dots with a density of 4×1010 cm2 were grown on a GaAs/InP matrix. Photoresponse was observed at temperatures up to 160 K with a peak of 6.4 µm and cutoff of 6.6 µm. Very low dark currents and noise currents were obtained by inserting Al0.48In0.52As current blocking layers. The background-limited performance temperature was 100 K. A detectivity of 1.0×1010 cm·Hz½/W was obtained at 77 K with a bias of –1.1 V. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Very high performance LWIR and VLWIR type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with M-structure barrier
B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, P.Y. Delaunay, E.K. Huang and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 7082, San Diego, CA 2008, p. 708205-- September 3, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
LWIR and VLWIR type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors have for long time suffered from a high dark current level and a low dynamic resistance which hampers the its emergence to the infrared detection and imaging industry. However, with the use of M-structure superlattice, a new Type-II binary InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattice design, as an effective blocking barrier, the dark current in type-II superlattice diode has been significantly reduced. We have obtained comparable differential resistance product to the MCT technology at the cut-off wavelength of 10 and 14μm. Also, this new design is compatible with the optical optimization scheme, leading to high quantum efficiency, high special detectivity devices for photon detectors and focal plane arrays. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Room temperature continuous wave, monolithic tunable THz sources based on highly efficient mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers
Quanyong Lu, Donghai Wu, Saumya Sengupta, Steven Slivken, Manijeh Razeghi
Nature Scientific Reports 6, Article number: 23595-- March 24, 2016 ...[Visit Journal]
A compact, high power, room temperature continuous wave terahertz source emitting in a wide frequency range (ν ~ 1–5 THz) is of great importance to terahertz system development for applications in spectroscopy, communication, sensing, and imaging. Here, we present a strong-coupled strain-balanced quantum cascade laser design for efficient THz generation based on intracavity difference frequency generation. Room temperature continuous wave emission at 3.41 THz with a side-mode suppression ratio of 30 dB and output power up to 14 μW is achieved with a wall-plug efficiency about one order of magnitude higher than previous demonstrations. With this highly efficient design, continuous wave, single mode THz emissions with a wide frequency tuning range of 2.06–4.35 THz and an output power up to 4.2 μW are demonstrated at room temperature from two monolithic three-section sampled grating distributed feedback-distributed Bragg reflector lasers. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Suppression of surface leakage in gate controlled type-II InAs/GaSb mid-infrared photodetectors
G. Chen; B.-M. Nguyen; A.M. Hoang; E.K. Huang; S.R. Darvish; M. Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 8268, Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices IX, 826811 (January 20, 2012)-- January 20, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
One of the biggest challenges of improving the electrical performance in Type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetector is suppressing the surface leakage. Surface leakage screens important bulk dark current mechanisms, and brings difficulty and uncertainty to the material optimization and bulk intrinsic parameters extraction such as carrier lifetime and mobility. Most of surface treatments were attempted beyond the mid-infrared (MWIR) regime because compared to the bulk performance, surface leakage in MWIR was generally considered to be a minor factor. In this work, we show that below 150K, surface leakage still strongly affects the electrical performance of the very high bulk performance p-π-M-n MWIR photon detectors. With gating technique, we can effectively eliminate the surface leakage in a controllable manner. At 110K, the dark current density of a 4.7 μm cut-off gated photon diode is more than 2 orders of magnitude lower than the current density in SiO2 passivated ungated diode. With a quantum efficiency of 48%, the specific detecivity of gated diodes attains 2.5 x 1014 cm·Hz1/2/W, which is 3.6 times higher than that of ungated diodes. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  MOCVD grown β-Ga2O3 metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors on sapphire
Ji-Hyeon Park , Ryan McClintock, Alexandre Jaud, Arash Dehzangi , Manijeh Razeghi
Applied Physics Express 12, 095503-- August 28, 2019 ...[Visit Journal]
We fabricated β-Ga2O3:Si metal-oxide field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) on c-plane sapphire substrates which typically showed maximum drain current of 100 mA·mm−1. β-Ga2O3:Si thin films were realized on c-plane sapphire substrates through a combination of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and post-annealing. The MOSFET device presented excellent on/off drain current ratio of ∼1011 with very low gate leakage current, sharp pinch off behavior, and a breakdown voltage of 400 V at VG = −40 V. The growth and fabrication of β-Ga2O3:Si MOSFETs on c-plane sapphire is valuable to its demonstration of the great potential for future high-power electronic devices. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Stranski-Krastanov growth of InGaN quantum dots emitting in green spectra
C. Bayram and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, Vol. 96, No. 2, p. 403-408-- August 1, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
Self-assembled InGaN quantum dots (QDs) were grown on GaN templates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. 2D–3D growth mode transition through Stranski–Krastanov mode was observed via atomic force microscopy. The critical thickness for In0.67Ga0.33N QDs was determined to be four monolayers. The effects of growth temperature, deposition thickness, and V/III ratio on QD formation were examined. The capping of InGaN QDs with GaN was analyzed. Optimized InGaN quantum dots emitted in green spectra at room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Widely Tunable, Single-Mode, High-Power Quantum Cascade Lasers
M. Razeghi, B. Gokden, S. Tsao, A. Haddadi, N. Bandyopadhyay, and S. Slivken
SPIE Proceedings, Intergreated Photonics: Materials, Devices and Applications, SPIE Microtechnologies Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic, April 18-20, 2011, Vol. 8069, p. 806905-1-- May 31, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate widely tunable high power distributed feedback quantum cascade laser array chips that span 190 nm and 200 nm from 4.4 um to 4.59 um and 4.5 um to 4.7 um respectively. The lasers emit single mode with a very narrow linewidth and side mode suppression ratio of 25 dB. Under pulsed operation power outputs up to 1.85 W was obtained from arrays with 3 mm cavity length and up to 0.95 W from arrays with 2 mm cavity length at room temperature. Continuous wave operation was also observed from both chips with 2 mm and 3 mm long cavity arrays up to 150 mW. The cleaved size of the array chip with 3 mm long cavities was around 4 mm x 5 mm and does not require sensitive external optical components to achieve wide tunability. With their small size and high portability, monolithically integrated DFB QCL Arrays are prominent candidates of widely tunable, compact, efficient and high power sources of mid-infrared radiation for gas sensing. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Surface Emitting, Tunable, Mid-Infrared Laser with High Output Power and Stable Output Beam
Steven Slivken, Donghai Wu & Manijeh Razeghi
Scientific Reports volume 9, Article number: 549-- January 24, 2019 ...[Visit Journal]
A reflective outcoupler is demonstrated which can allow for stable surface emission from a quantum cascade laser and has potential for cost-effective wafer-scale manufacturing. This outcoupler is integrated with an amplified, electrically tunable laser architecture to demonstrate high power surface emission at a wavelength near 4.9 μm. Single mode peak power up to 6.7 W is demonstrated with >6 W available over a 90 cm−1 (215 nm) spectral range. A high quality output beam is realized with a simple, single-layer, anti-reflective coating. The beam shape and profile are shown to be independent of wavelength. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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