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376.  
Near bulk-limited R0A of long-wavelength infrared type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with polyimide surface passivation
Near bulk-limited R0A of long-wavelength infrared type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with polyimide surface passivation
Andrew Hood, Pierre-Yves Delaunay, Darin Hoffman, Binh-Minh Nguyen, Yajun Wei, Manijeh Razeghi, and Vaidya Nathan
Applied Physics Letters 90, 233513-- June 4, 2007
Effective surface passivation of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with cutoff wavelengths in the long-wavelength infrared is presented. A stable passivation layer, the electrical properties of which do not change as a function of the ambient environment nor time, has been prepared by a solvent-based surface preparation, vacuum desorption, and the application of an insulating polyimide layer. Passivated photodiodes, with dimensions ranging from 400×400 to 25×25 µm2, with a cutoff wavelength of ~11 µm, exhibited near bulk-limited R0A values of ~12 Ω·cm2, surface resistivities in excess of 104 Ω·cm, and very uniform current-voltage behavior at 77 K. reprint
 
377.  
High operating temperature 320 x 256 middle-wavelength infrared focal plane array imaging based on an InAs/InGaAs/InAlAs/InP quantum dot infrared photodetector
High operating temperature 320 x 256 middle-wavelength infrared focal plane array imaging based on an InAs/InGaAs/InAlAs/InP quantum dot infrared photodetector
S. Tsao, H. Lim, W. Zhang, and M. Razeghi
Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology-- May 28, 2007reprint
 
378.  
High operating temperature 320 x 256 middle-wavelength infrared focal plane array imaging based on an InAs/InGaAs/InAlAs/InP quantum dot infrared photodetector
High operating temperature 320 x 256 middle-wavelength infrared focal plane array imaging based on an InAs/InGaAs/InAlAs/InP quantum dot infrared photodetector
S. Tsao, H. Lim, W. Zhang, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90, No. 20, p. 201109-- May 14, 2007
This letter reports a 320×256 middle-wavelength infrared focal plane array operating at temperatures up to 200 K based on an InAs quantum dot/InGaAs quantum well/InAlAs barrier detector grown on InP substrate by low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The device's low dark current density and the persistence of the photocurrent up to room temperature enabled the high temperature imaging. The focal plane array had a peak detection wavelength of 4 µm, a responsivity of 34 mA/W, a conversion efficiency of 1.1%, and a noise equivalent temperature difference of 344 mK at an operating temperature of 120 K. reprint
 
379.  
Current status of high performance quantum cascade lasers at the center for quantum devices
Current status of high performance quantum cascade lasers at the center for quantum devices
M. Razeghi; A. Evans; Y. Bai; J. Nguyen; S. Slivken; S.R. Darvish; K. Mi
Conference Proceedings - International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials. 588-593:[4266015] (2007)-- May 14, 2007
Mid-infrared laser sources are highly desired for laser-based trace chemical sensors, military countermeasures, free-space communications, as well as developing medical applications. While application development has been limited by the availability of adequate mid-infrared sources, InP-based quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) hold promise as inexpensive, miniature, portable solutions capable of producing high powers and operating at high temperatures with excellent beam quality and superior reliability. This paper discusses the most recent developments of application-ready high power (> 100 mW), continuous-wave (CW), mid-infrared QCLs operating above room temperature with lifetimes exceeding 13,000 hours. reprint
 
380.  
Comparison of type-II superlattice and HgCdTe infrared detector technologies
Comparison of type-II superlattice and HgCdTe infrared detector technologies
Jagmohan Bajaj; Gerry Sullivan; Don Lee; Ed Aifer; Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 6542, Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIII, 65420B (May 14, 2007)-- May 14, 2007
Performance of HgCdTe detector technology surpasses all others in the mid-wave and long-wave infrared spectrum. This technology is relatively mature with current effort focused on improving uniformity, and demonstrating increased focal plane array (FPA) functionality. Type-II superlattice (InAs-GaSb and related alloys) detector technology has seen rapid progress over the past few years. The merits of the superlattice material system rest on predictions of even higher performance than HgCdTe and of engineering advantages. While no one has demonstrated Type-II superlattice detectors with performance superior to HgCdTe detectors, the difference in performance between these two technologies is decreasing. In this paper, we review the status and highlight relative merits of both HgCdTe and Type-II superlattice based detector technologies. reprint
 
381.  
Self-assembled semiconductor quantum dot infrared photodetector operating at room temperature and focal plane array
Self-assembled semiconductor quantum dot infrared photodetector operating at room temperature and focal plane array
Ho-Chul Lim; Stanley Tsao; Wei Zhang; Manijen Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 6542, Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIII, 65420R (May 14, 2007)-- May 14, 2007
Self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots have attracted much attention because of their novel properties and thus possible practical applications including the lasers, detectors and modulators. Especially the photodetectors which have quantum dots in their active region have been developed and show promising performances such as high operation temperature due to three dimensional confinement of the carriers and normal incidence in contrast to the case of quantum well detectors which require special optical coupling schemes. Here we report our recent results for mid-wavelength infrared quantum dot infrared photodetector grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The material system we have investigated consists of 25 period self-assembled InAs quantum dot layers on InAlAs barriers, which are lattice-matched to InP substrates, covered with InGaAs quantum well layers and InAlAs barriers. This active region was sandwiched by highly doped InP contact layers. The device operates at 4.1 μm with a peak detectivity of 2.8×1011 cm·Hz1/2/W at 120 K and a quantum efficiency of 35 %. The photoresponse can be observed even at room temperature resulting in a peak detectivity of 6×107 cm·Hz1/2/W. A 320×256 focal plane array has been fabricated in this kind of device. Its performance will also be discussed here. reprint
 
382.  
Type II superlattice infrared detectors and focal plane arrays
Type II superlattice infrared detectors and focal plane arrays
Vaidya Nathan; Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 6542, Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIII, 654209 (May 14, 2007)-- May 14, 2007
Type II superlattce photodetectors have recently experienced significant improvements in both theoretical structure design and experimental realization. Empirical Tight Binding Method is initiated and developed for Type II superlattice. Growth characteristics such as group V segregation and incorporation phenomena are taken into account in the model and shown higher precision. A new Type II structure, called M-structure, is introduced and theoretically demonstrated high R0A, high quantum efficiency. Device design is optimized to improve the performance. As a result, 55% quantum efficiency and 10 Ohm·cm² R0A are achieved for an 11.7 μm cut-off photodetector at 77K. FPA imaging at longwavelength is demonstrated with a capability of imaging up to 171K. At 81K, the noise equivalent temperature difference presented a peak at 0.33K. reprint
 
383.  
High-power, continuous-operation intersubband laser for wavelengths greater than 10 micron
High-power, continuous-operation intersubband laser for wavelengths greater than 10 micron
S. Slivken, A. Evans, W. Zhang and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90, No. 15, p. 151115-1-- April 9, 2007
In this letter, high-power continuous-wave emission (>100 mW) and high temperature operation (358 K) at a wavelength of 10.6 µm is demonstrated using an individual diode laser. This wavelength is advantageous for many medium-power applications previously reserved for the carbon dioxide laser. Improved performance was accomplished using industry-standard InP-based materials and by careful attention to design, growth, and fabrication limitations specific to long-wave infrared semiconductor lasers. The main problem areas are explored with regard to laser performance, and general steps are outlined to minimize their impact. reprint
 
384.  
320x256 infrared focal plane array based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice with a 12 μm cutoff wavelength
320x256 infrared focal plane array based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice with a 12 μm cutoff wavelength
P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Porceedings, Vol. 6542, Orlando, FL 2007, p. 654204-- April 9, 2007
In the past few years, significant progress has been made in the structure design, growth and processing of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors. Type-II superlattice demonstrated its ability to perform imaging in the middle and long infra-red range, becoming a potential competitor for technologies such as QWIP and HgCdTe. Using an empirical tight-binding model, we developed a superlattice design that matches the lattice parameter of GaSb substrates and presents a cutoff wavelength of 12 μm. Electrical and optical measurements performed on single element detectors at 77 K showed an R0A averaging 13 Ω·cm² and a quantum efficiency as high as 54%. We demonstrated high quality material growth with x-ray FWHM below 30 arcsec and an AFM rms roughness of 1.5 Å over an area of 20x20 μm². A 320x256 array of 25x25μm² pixels, hybridized to an Indigo Read Out Integrated Circuit, performed thermal imaging up to 185 K with an operability close to 97%. The noise equivalent temperature difference at 81 K presented a peak at 270 mK, corresponding to a mean value of 340 mK. reprint
 
385.  
Hole-initiated multiplication in back-illuminated GaN avalanche photodiodes
Hole-initiated multiplication in back-illuminated GaN avalanche photodiodes
R. McClintock, J.L. Pau, K. Minder, C. Bayram, P. Kung and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90 No. 14, p. 141112-1-- April 2, 2007
Avalanche p-i-n photodiodes were fabricated on AlN templates for back illumination. Structures with different intrinsic layer thicknesses were tested. A critical electric field of 2.73 MV/cm was estimated from the variation of the breakdown voltage with thickness. From the device response under back and front illumination and the consequent selective injection of holes and electrons in the junction, ionization coefficients were obtained for GaN. The hole ionization coefficient was found to be higher than the electron ionization coefficient as predicted by theory. Excess multiplication noise factors were also calculated for back and front illumination, and indicated a higher noise contribution for electron injection. reprint
 
386.  
Materials characterization of n-ZnO/p-GaN:Mg/c-Al(2)O(3) UV LEDs grown by pulsed laser deposition and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
Materials characterization of n-ZnO/p-GaN:Mg/c-Al(2)O(3) UV LEDs grown by pulsed laser deposition and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
D. Rogers, F.H. Teherani, P. Kung, K. Minder, and M. Razeghi
Superlattices and Microstructures-- April 1, 2007
n-ZnO/p-GaN:Mg hybrid heterojunctions grown on c-Al2O3 substrates showed 375 nm room temperature electroluminescence. It was suggested that the high materials and interface quality obtained using pulsed laser deposition for the n-ZnO growth and metal–organic chemical vapor deposition for the p-GaN:Mg were key factors enabling the injection of holes and the radiative near band edge recombination in the ZnO. In this paper we present the materials characterization of this structure using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. reprint
 
387.  
High-performance InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetectors grown on InP substrate operating at room temperature
High-performance InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetectors grown on InP substrate operating at room temperature
H. Lim, S. Tsao, W. Zhang, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90, No. 13, p. 131112-1-- March 26, 2007
The authors report a room temperature operating InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetector grown on InP substrate. The self-assembled InAs quantum dots and the device structure were grown by low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The detectivity was 2.8×1011 cm·Hz1/2/W at 120 K and a bias of −5 V with a peak detection wavelength around 4.1 μm and a quantum efficiency of 35%. Due to the low dark current and high responsivity, a clear photoresponse has been observed at room temperature, which gives a detectivity of 6.7×107 cm·Hz1/2/W. reprint
 
388.  
Quantum cascade laser: A tool for trace chemical detection
Quantum cascade laser: A tool for trace chemical detection
Allan J. Evans; Manijeh Razeghi
-- March 26, 2007
Laser-based trace chemical sensors are highly desired to enhance pollution filtering, health and safety monitoring, and filter efficiency monitoring for industrial processes. Limitations of current monitoring and sensing techniques are discussed and the benefits of mid-infrared spectroscopy using novel Quantum Cascade semiconductor Lasers (QCLs) are presented. These new techniques promise inexpensive, miniaturized sensors, capable of remote detection of trace chemicals in liquids, solids, and gasses with levels less than 1 part-per-billion. Applications of these techniques are discussed and the most recent developments of application-ready high power (> 100 mW), continuous-wave, mid-infrared QCLs operating above room temperature with lifetimes exceeding 12,000 hours are presented.
 
389.  
Etching of ZnO Towards the Development of ZnO Homostructure LEDs
Etching of ZnO Towards the Development of ZnO Homostructure LEDs
K. Minder, F.H. Teherani, D. Rogers, C. Bayram, R. McClintock, P. Kung, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, January 25-29, 2007, San Jose, CA Proceedings – Zinc Oxide Materials and Devices II, Vol. 6474, p. 64740Q-1-6-- January 29, 2007
Although ZnO has recently gained much interest as an alternative to the III-Nitride material system, the development of ZnO based optoelectonic devices is still in its infancy. Significant material breakthroughs in p-type doping of ZnO thin films and improvements in crystal growth techniques have recently been achieved, making the development of optoelectonic devices possible. First, a survey of current ZnO processing methods is presented, followed by the results of our processing research. reprint
 
390.  
Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattice Focal Plane Arrays for High-Performance Third Generation Infrared Imaging and Free-Space Communication
Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattice Focal Plane Arrays for High-Performance Third Generation Infrared Imaging and Free-Space Communication
M. Razeghi, A. Hood and A. Evans
SPIE Conference, January 25-29, 2007, San Jose, CA Proceedings – Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits IX, Vol. 6476, p. 64760Q-1-9-- January 29, 2007
Free-space optical communications has recently been touted as a solution to the "last mile" bottleneck of high speed data networks providing highly secure, short to long range, and high bandwidth connections. However, commercial near infrared systems experience atmospheric scattering losses and scintillation effects which can adversely affect a link's uptime. By moving the operating wavelength into the mid or long wavelength infrared enhanced link uptimes and increased range can be achieved due to less susceptibility atmospheric affects. The combination of room temperature, continuous wave' high power quantum cascade lasers and high operating temperature Type-II superlattice photodetectors offers the benefits of mid and long wavelength infrared systems as well as practical operating conditions. reprint
 
391.  
III-Nitride Avalanche Photodiodes
III-Nitride Avalanche Photodiodes
P. Kung, R. McClintock, J. Pau Vizcaino, K. Minder, C. Bayram and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, January 25-29, 2007, San Jose, CA Proceedings – Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices IV, Vol. 6479, p. 64791J-1-12-- January 29, 2007
Wide bandgap III-Nitride semiconductors are a promising material system for the development of ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes (APDs) that could be a viable alternative to photomultiplier tubes. In this paper, we report the epitaxial growth and physical properties of device quality GaN layers on high quality AlN templates for the first backilluminated GaN p-i-n APD structures on transparent sapphire substrates. Under low bias and linear mode avalanche operation where they exhibited gains near 1500 after undergoing avalanche breakdown. The breakdown electric field in GaN was determined to be 2.73 MV/cm. The hole impact ionization coefficients were shown to be greater than those of electrons. reprint
 
392.  
Techniques for High-Quality SiO<sub>2</sub> Films
Techniques for High-Quality SiO2 Films
J. Nguyen and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, January 25-29, 2007, San Jose, CA Proceedings – Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices IV, Vol. 6479, p. 64791K-1-8-- January 29, 2007
We report on the comparison of optical, structural, and electrical properties of SiO2 using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and ion-beam sputtering deposition. High-quality, low-temperature deposition of SiO2 by ion-beam sputtering deposition is shown to have lower absorption, smoother and more densely packed films, a lower amount of fixed oxide charges, and a lower trapped-interface density than SiO2 by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. This high-quality SiO2 is then demonstrated as an excellent electrical and mechanical surface passivation layer on Type-II InAs/GaSb photodetectors reprint
 
393.  
Type-II ‘M’ Structure Photodiodes:  An Alternative Material Design for Mid-Wave to Long Wavelength Infrared Regimes
Type-II ‘M’ Structure Photodiodes: An Alternative Material Design for Mid-Wave to Long Wavelength Infrared Regimes
B-M. Nguyen, M. Razeghi, V. Nathan, and G.J. Brown
SPIE Conference, January 25-29, 2007, San Jose, CA Proceedings – Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices IV, Vol. 6479, p. 64790S-1-10-- January 29, 2007
In this work, an AlSb-containing Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice, the so-called M-structure, is presented as a candidate for mid and long wavelength infrared detection devices. The effect of inserting an AlSb barrier in the GaSb layer is discussed and predicts many promising properties relevant to practical use. A good agreement between the theoretical calculation based on Empirical Tight Binding Method framework and experimental results is observed, showing the feasibility of the structure and its properties. A band gap engineering method without material stress constraint is proposed. reprint
 
394.  
High-power continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at λ ~ 7.8 µm
High-power continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at λ ~ 7.8 µm
S.R. Darvish, W. Zhang, A. Evans, J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 89 (25)-- December 18, 2006
The authors present high-power continuous-wave (cw) operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers. Continuous-wave output powers of 56 mW at 25 °C and 15 mW at 40 °C are obtained. Single-mode emission near 7.8 μm with a side-mode suppression ratio of >=30 dB and a tuning range of 2.83 cm−1 was obtained between 15 and 40 °C. The device exhibits no beam steering with a full width at half maximum of 27.4° at 25 °C in cw mode. reprint
 
395.  
Influence of Residual Impurity Background on the Non-radiative Recombination Processes in High Purity InAs/GaSb superlattice Photodiodes
Influence of Residual Impurity Background on the Non-radiative Recombination Processes in High Purity InAs/GaSb superlattice Photodiodes
E.C.F. da Silva, D. Hoffman, A. Hood, B. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 89 (24)-- December 11, 2006
The influence of the impurity background on the recombination processes in type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with a cutoff wavelength of approximately 4.8 μm was investigated by electroluminescence measurements. Using an iterative fitting procedure based on the dependence of the quantum efficiency of the electroluminescence on the injection current, the Auger and Shockley-Read-Hall lifetimes were determined reprint
 
396.  
Gain and recombination dynamics of quantum-dot infrared photodetecto
Gain and recombination dynamics of quantum-dot infrared photodetecto
H. Lim, B. Movaghar, S. Tsao, M. Taguchi, W. Zhang, A.A. Quivy, and M. Razeghi
Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology-- December 4, 2006reprint
 
397.  
Gain and recombination dynamics of quantum-dot infrared photodetectors
Gain and recombination dynamics of quantum-dot infrared photodetectors
H. Lim, B. Movaghar, S. Tsao, M. Taguchi, W. Zhang, A.A. Quivy, and M. Razeghi
Physical Review B, 74 (20)-- November 15, 2006
In this paper we present a theory of diffusion and recombination in QDIPs which is an attempt to explain the recently reported values of gain in these devices. We allow the kinetics to encompass both the diffusion and capture rate limited regimes of carrier relaxation using rigorous random walk and diffusion methods. The photoconductive gains are calculated and compared with the experimental values obtained from InGaAs/InGaP/GaAs and InAs/InP QDIPs using the generation-recombination noise analysis. reprint
 
398.  
Recent advances in high power mid- and far-wavelength infrared lasers for free space communication
Recent advances in high power mid- and far-wavelength infrared lasers for free space communication
S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
SPIE Optics East Conference, October 1-4, 2006, Boston, MA Proceedings – Active and Passive Optical Components for Communications VI, Vol. 6389, p. 63890S-1-- October 4, 2006
Link reliability is a significant issue for free space optical links. Inclement weather, such as fog, can seriously reduce the transmission of light through the atmosphere. However, this effect, for some types of fog, is wavelength-dependent. In order to improve link availability in both metro and hostile environments, mid- and far-wavelength infrared diode lasers can be of use. This paper will discuss some of the recent advances in high-power, uncooled quantum cascade lasers and their potential for use in long range and/or highly reliable free space communication links. reprint
 
399.  
First Demonstration of ~ 10 microns FPAs in InAs/GaSb SLS
First Demonstration of ~ 10 microns FPAs in InAs/GaSb SLS
M. Razeghi, P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen, A. Hood, D. Hoffman, R. McClintock, Y. Wei, E. Michel, V. Nathan and M. Tidrow
IEEE LEOS Newsletter 20 (5)-- October 1, 2006
The concept of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice was first brought by Nobel Laureate L. Esaki, et al. in the 1970s. There had been few studies on this material system until two decades later when reasonable quality material growth was made possible using molecular beam epitaxy. With the addition of cracker cells for the group V sources and optimizations of material growth conditions, the superlattice quality become significantly improved and the detectors made of these superlattice materials can meet the demand in some practical field applications. Especially in the LWIR regime, it provides a very promising alternative to HgCdTe for better material stability and uniformity, etc. We have developed the empirical tight binding model (ETBM) for precise determination of the superlattice bandgap. reprint
 
400.  
Optical Coatings by ion-beam sputtering deposition for long-wave infrared quantum cascade lasers
Optical Coatings by ion-beam sputtering deposition for long-wave infrared quantum cascade lasers
J. Nguyen, J.S. Yu, A. Evans, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 89 (11)-- September 11, 2006
The authors report on the development of high-reflection and multilayer antireflection coatings using ion-beam sputtering deposition for long-wave infrared (λ~9.4 μm) quantum cascade lasers. A metallic high-reflection coating structure using Y2O3 and Au is demonstrated to achieve a high reflectance of 96.70%, and the use of a multilayer anti-reflection coating structure using PbTe and ZnO is demonstrated to achieve a very low reflectance of 1.64%. reprint
 

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